高中英语构词法精讲与练习.pdf

高中英语构词法讲解与练习高中英语构词法讲解与练习一一.类别：类别：英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。二二.定义与精讲定义与精讲1.1.转化法：转化法：英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。（1）动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大的变化，Lets go out for a walk.有时意思有一定变化，如：He is a man of strong build.有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作，Lets have a swim.（2）名词转化为动词很多表示物件，Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?身体部位，Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，She nursed her husband back to health.某些抽象名词也可作动词。We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词：有少数形容词可以转化为动词。We will try our best to better our living conditions.4)副词转化为动词：有少数副词可以转化为动词。Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，You should be dressed in black at the funeral.某些形容词如 old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数如下：The old in our village are living a happy life.2.2.派生法：派生法：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1）前缀：除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。（1）表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear 出现disappear 消失correct 正确的incorrect 不正确的lead 带领mislead 领错stop 停下non-stop 不停（2）表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对；抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再；又),sub-(下面的；次；小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如：alone 单独的antigas 防毒气的autochart 自动图表cooperate 合作enjoy 使高兴internet 互联网reuse 再用subway 地铁telephone 电话2）后缀：英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。（1）构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人)，-ess(雌性)，-ful(一)，-ian(精通的人)，-ist(专业人员)，-ment(性质；状态)，-ness(性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。differ 不同于difference 区别write 写writer 作家Japan 日本Japanese 日本人act 表演actress 女演员mouth 口mouthful 一口music 音乐musician 音乐家（2）构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后)，-fy(使化)，-ize(使成为)。例如：widewiden 加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize 意识到organorganize 组织（3）构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able(有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en(多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern(方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天气)等。例如：nature 自然natural 自然的reason 道理reasonable 有道理的America 美国American 美国的China 中国Chinese 中国人的gold 金子golden 金的east 东eastern 东方的child 孩子childish 孩子气的snow 雪snowy 雪的第 1 页 共 7 页（4）构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry 生气的angrily 生气地to 到towards 朝，向east 东方eastward 向东（5）构成数词的后缀有-teen(十几)，-ty(几十)，-th(构成序数词)。例如：six 六sixteen 十六sixteenth 第十六four 四forty 四十fortieth 第四十常见词缀一览表常见词缀一览表A、名词后缀词缀含义例词-er人或工具teacher cooker-or人actor visitor-ist者，家artist communist-man人postman Frenchman-(i)an人；国人musician American-eer者，家engineer mountaineer-ee受者employee trainee-ese地方/国人Chinese Japanese-mate有关系的人workmate roommate-ance性质或状态appearance attendance-ence行为或性状difference independence-ingfeeling greeting-tioneducation information-siontelevision revision-ment行为的结果/方式development equipment-agecarriage marriage-dom状态；领域freedom kingdom-ness性质；状态happiness loneliness-graph文字；书写telegraph autograph（亲笔签名）-hood身份；地位；生活状况girlhood childhood-ics学科或某种活动politics physics-phone重视声音的工具telephone microphone（麦克风）-ship状态；身份；职务friendship-mate有关系的人workmate roommate-ism主义Marxism Leninism（列宁主义）-erydiscovery slavery-alarrivalB、形容词后缀词 缀含 义例 词-able显示性质或特点的可被的，适于的comfortable suitable-ible显示性质或特点的可被的，适于的terrible horrible（恐怖的）-al的，有性质的national musical-ant有性质的，人servant important-ent有性质的different intelligent（聪明的）-ary有性质的necessary ordinary-ive有倾向的；有性质的active native-y多的，有巨的easy cloudy-ed（感到）的excited disappointed-ing（令人）的exciting disappointing-ese地方或国家的Chinese Vietnamese（越南的）第 2 页 共 7 页-ful充满的，具有性质的careful beautiful-ian地方或国家人的Asian Australian-ish像/有点一样的selfish childish-less没有的freeless,careless-like像的godlike childlike-ly具有性质或特点的；第次的lovely yearly（每年一次的）-ous具有性质的famous desirous-en用做成的woolen wooden-some易于的；会引起的troublesome tiresome（厌烦的）-er较的happier luckier-est最的happiest luckiest-orysatisfactoryC、动词前缀词 缀含义例词un-不，非，无unimportant,unluckyim-不，非，无impossiblein-不，非，无incorrectir-不，非，无irregularil-不，非，无illegalnon-不，非，无non-smoking,non-stopa-的afraid,asleepD、动词前缀词缀含义例 词en/em-使变成；置于上endanger,enjoydis-不，非，无dislike disagreemis-误，错mislead misunderstandre-重新；又；再recall,rewritea-使arise（使上升）E、动词后缀词缀含义例 词-en使变成richen,sadden-ise/ize使成为；变成memorize,computerize（用电脑储存）-(i)fy使成为beautify terrifyF、副词后缀词缀含义例 词-ly地quickly immediately-er较地faster harder-est最地fastest hardestG、其他前缀词 缀含 义例 词anti-反对，对抗anti-Japanese antitankbi-每两次的/地bi-monthly bicycletele-远距离的telephone televisionex-前任的；向外ex-ife exclaimfore-预先；在前面的foretell forecastpre-预先prepare prefix（前缀）post-在之后的postgraduate（研究生）第 3 页 共 7 页inter-在之间internet internationalmicro-微小的microwave microphonesuper-超过supermarkettechn(o)-与技术有关的technologywell-适当地；完全地well-known well-writtenself-自己，自身，自我，自动self-service self-confidencetrans-转移；移植transplant translatekilo-千kilometer kilogrammilli-千分之milligram millimeterco-共同，同等co-operate co-educationtri-三，三个tricycle tricolourcom/con/col/cor-连同，一同conduct combinemulti-多multipleunder-在下面；不足；次于underground underestimate（低估）over-在上面；过多overhead overworkcenti-百分之centigrade centimeterH、其他后缀词缀含义例 词-self亲自myself,oneself-cent百分之percent-meter米centimeter,kilometer3.3.合成法合成法（1 1）合）合 成成 名名 词词构成方式构成方式名词名词名词动词名词动名词名词及物动词eror名词介词名词动词名词动名词名词现在分词名词形容词名词副词动词介词名词代词名词例词例词weekend 周末daybreak 黎明handwriting 书法pain-killer 止痛药editor-in-chief 总编辑typewriter 打字机reading-room 阅览室flying-fish 飞鱼gentleman 绅士outbreak 爆发afternoon 下午she-wolf 母狼（2 2）合）合 成成 形形 容容 词词构成方式构成方式名词形容词名词现在分词名词to名词名词过去分词数词名词数词名词形容词数词名词ed动词副词第 4 页 共 7 页例词例词snow-white 雪白的English-speaking 讲英语的face-to-face 面对面的man-made 人造的one-way 单行的two-year-old 两岁的five-storeyed 五层的see-through 透明的形容词名词形容词名词ed形容词形容词形容词现在分词副词形容词副词现在分词副词过去分词副词名词介词名词high-class 高级的noble-minded 高尚的light-blue 浅蓝色的good-looking 相貌好看的ever-green 常青的hard-working 勤劳的well-known 著名的fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的downhill 下坡的（3 3）合）合 成成 动动 词词构成方式构成方式名词动词形容词动词副词动词例词例词sleep-walk 梦游white-wash 粉刷overthrow 推翻（4 4）合）合 成成 副副 词词构成方式构成方式形容词名词形容词副词副词副词介词名词介词副词例词例词hotfoot 匆忙地everywhere 到处however 尽管如此beforehand 事先forever 永远（5 5）合）合 成成 代代 词词构成方式构成方式代词宾格self物主代词self形容词名词例词例词herself 她自己myself 我自己anything 任何东西（6 6）合）合 成成 介介 词词构成方式构成方式副词名词介词副词副词介词例词例词inside 在里面within 在之内into 进入4.4.截短法截短法(缩略法缩略法)：截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头 telephonephoneaeroplaneplaneomnibusbus2)去尾mathematicsmathsco-operateco-opexaminationexamkilogramkilolaboratorylabtaxicabtaxi3)截头去尾 influenzaflurefrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript5.5.混合法混合法(混成法混成法)：混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast新闻广播第 5 页 共 7 页television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog 烟雾helicopter airportheliport 直升飞机场6.6.首尾字母缩略法：首尾字母缩略法：首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP(读字母音)要人；大人物televisionTV(读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福三三.巩固练习巩固练习1.That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a _.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.The three-_chair isnt suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged6.Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_passage in English?A.600 words；a 600-wordsB.600-word；a 600-wordsC.600 words；a 600-wordD.600 words；a 600-words10.No one should enter the spot without the_of the police.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionallyD.intentional13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_ smile.A.practiceB.practiceC.practicalD.practiced14.The_ordered him to pay a$100 fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the_news about Iraq War?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing17.To my _，I passed the exam easily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness18.Canada is mainly an_country.A.English-speakingB.speak-English第 6 页 共 7 页C.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken19.How_ he is!He is always acting_.He is really a _.A.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；foolD.foolishly；foolish；fool20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.Its of great _.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable21.There were_fish in the river in South America.A.in dangerB.DangerC.dangerousD.dangerless22.The letter“b”in the word“doubt”is_.A.soundB.silentC.silenceD.sounded23.The child looked at me_.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees25.What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue.A.reasonableB.reasonfulC.reasonlessD.unreason26.We have to learn _technology from other countries.A.advanceB.advancingC.advantageD.advanced27.The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.near by28.Mr Black is an _in the army，not an _in the government.You can not easily find him inhis_.A.official；officer；officeB.officer；office；officialC.official；official；officialD.officer；official；office29.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier30._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose.A.HonestlyB.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest参考答案1-5 BDACB6-10 CBDCB11-15 ACDCB16-20 BAAAB21-25 CBBCA26-30 DADBA第 7 页 共 7 页