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A组 2016～2014年各省市高考题（改编）
Passage 1 (2016·全国Ⅰ)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Secret codes (密码)keep messages private.Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years.__1__ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography.__2__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
__3__You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “135520135.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.__4__ For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” __5__However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.
A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
Passage 2 (2016·全国Ⅱ)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A garden that’s just right for you
Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和) of its parts？__1__．But it doesn’t happen by accident.It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
•__2__
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料)．__3__．However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.
•Recall(回忆)your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important.__4__—how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.__5__．Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown－up garden.Have fun.
A．Know why you garden
B．Find a good place for your own garden
C．It’s our experience of the garden that matters
D．It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
E．Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
F．You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
G．For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have
Passage 3 (2016·全国Ⅲ)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone knows that fish is good for health.__1__But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult.__2__This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
__3__Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge.Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh.__4__When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.
There are many common methods used to cook fish.__5__First，clean it and season it with your choice of spices(调料)．Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound.(A larger one will take more time.)Then，it’s ready to serve.
A．Do not buy it.
B．The easiest is to steam it.
C．This is how you can do it.
D．It just requires a little knowledge.
E．The fish will go bad within hours.
F．When buying fish，you should first smell it.
G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
Passage 4 (2016·北京)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Science of Risk－Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking.__1__ Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk－takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring.__2__ As the quality of risk－taking was passed from one generation to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk－taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay－in－the－cave types.As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it.__3__
No matter where you are on the risk－seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.__4__ To help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
__5__ For the risk－seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk－seeking，we’ll continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A．It all depends on your character.
B．Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D．Thus，these well－equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F．However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
Passage 5 (2016·四川)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries.__1__In general, they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.
One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women.__2__Between the ages of about 12 and 50, women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力)．These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and the blood flow.In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.
__3__They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example: women, on average, get fewer colds than men.
__4__Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency (倾向) to age more slowly than a man’s.Others think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.__5__
A．However, women, on average, live longer.
B．The biological factor plays an important part.
C．Women are also helped by their female genes.
D．The female hormones also protect the body in another way.
E．Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.
F．Therefore, women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.
G．Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.
Passage 6 (2016·浙江)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A．Get involved in student activities
B．Your voice is actually super important
C．There is a significant increase of opportunities
D．Stay in active communication with your friends
E．Get smart about the people who you spend your time with
F．Your major does not matter as much in your first year of college
Five Things Nobody Told Me about College
As I type this，I am in my university dorm room.A year ago，when I was awaiting to hear the results of my college applications，I often went to websites for some type of insider look on what college would be like.However，there’s only so much that prep books，websites，and older friends can teach.Here are the top 5 things nobody told me about college：
1____
Nobody entering a university knows exactly what they want to study.If they tell you otherwise，they’re lying and will probably change what they want to pursue within the first quarter of attendance.During my first quarter at University of California，Riverside (UCR)，I thought that I wanted to study Political Science with its focus on International Affairs，so that’s what I applied for.However，once I worked with statewide and local government，I realized that a better fit for me would be Public Policy，and now I am in the process of changing my area.
2____
In college，there are so many good chances for you to meet your expectations.However，there is a very important difference between wanting to do something and applying for something.In order for you to take full advantage of the conferences，researches，internships(实习)，and fellowships that your university offers，apply! Step into your academic advisor’s office，introduce yourself，and begin making the valuable connections that are necessary to help during the rest of your college career.Great things happen when you step out of your comfort zone，and you would be surprised on how many chances exist if you just ask.
3____
College is where you meet your bridesmaids，groomsmen，neighbors，and potential bosses.The relationships you develop now will probably be linked to the ones you value later，so be wise about the people who you invest yourself in.You are only one person，and you do not have time to waste on people who would rather cause drama or mess up with your purpose.Surround yourself with uplifting individuals who challenge you to be better while loving you for who you are，and be patient to the people who are the complete opposite of that description.
4____
As a first－year，I was afraid to make any noise towards campus issues that I noticed.It was not until I became involved in student government that I gained the confidence to handle projects that I created with the help of ASUCR Office of the President.During my first quarter，I spoke directly to the Chancellor(校长)，asking him for support towards my initiatives(提议)，met with the Vice Chancellors，and cooperated with my teaching assistants to begin my undergraduate research project.Nothing good will happen when you are silent.
5____
At my high school，there were about only four active clubs and organizations that students could be a part of.Imagine my surprise when I stepped foot onto UCR’s campus，where over 400 organizations exist，ranging from political organizations to karate club.You are not paying all of your tuition(学费)to merely go to class，study，pass tests and graduate.Make something worthy out of your experience.Create stories that you will want to tell your grandchildren one day.It all begins here，by signing up to join an organization.
Passage 7 (2015·新课标全国Ⅰ)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.__1__ Trust is a risk.But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately，we've all been victims of betrayal.Whether we've been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.__2__ It's understandable，but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.
●__3__ Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your wellbeing.
● __4__ If you've been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But there's a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”．At some point in all of our lives，we'll have our trust tested or violated.
●You didn't lose “everything”．Once trust is lost，what is left？Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle，look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__5__ Instead，it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
A．Learn to really trust yourself.
B．It is putting confidence in someone.
C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D．Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E．They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.
F．This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G．Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.
Passage 8 (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the length of the runs.__1__，buy the bestfitting，bestbuilt running shoes you can find.No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet，so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.When you have found shoes that seem right，walk in them for a few days to doublecheck the fit.__2__.As always，you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.
During the first week，do not think about distance，but run five minutes longer each day.__3__，it is wise to take a day off to rest.But during the next week，set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.__4__.After two weeks，start timing yourself.__5__.Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter，you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.
A．After six days
B．For a good marathon runner
C．Before you begin your training
D．With each day，increase the distance by a half mile
E．If they still feel good，you can begin running in them
F．Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training
G．Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance an
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