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<p>高考英语语法易考知识点最全概括
第一讲座:名词---基础篇
一、名词的复数:
1. 名词变复数的规则形式:
1). 一般情况下直接加 s: book------books cup-----cups
2). 以辅音字母+y 结尾的,先变 y 为 i 再加 es:
city-------cities family-----families
3). 以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾的加 es:
bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------watches
4). 以 o 结尾的多数加 S 初中阶段只有三个单词加 es:
tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes Negroes
5). 以 f、fe 结尾的,先把 f、fe 变 v 再加 es:
leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves
2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的:
man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice
3. 单数和复数形式相同:
deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese
4. 某国人的复数:
1). 中、日不变:Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese
2). 英、法变: Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen
3).其余 s 加后面: American-----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians
二、不可数名词:
1. 不可数名词:
1). 不能直接用数字表数量; 2). 不能直接加 a 或 an; 3). 没有复数形式;
4). 可用 some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰; 5). 可用"量词短语"表示;
2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法: a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词:
a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk
三、名词的所有格:
1. 's 所有格:
1). 用 and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加"'s.":
This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom.
2). 用 and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加"'s.":
These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags.
3). 以 s 结尾的名词,变所有格时在 s 后加"'", 不以 s 结尾的复数名词,仍加"'s":
Teachers' Day Children's Day
4). 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加 's 代表全称:
at the doctor's at the Bob's
5). 由 some、any、no、every 与 one、body 结合的复合不定代词 something、anything 等和 else 连用时,所有格应
加在 else 的后面:
This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil.
6). 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加's 来构成所有格:
an hour's ride two weeks' time China's capital
2. of 所有格:
1). of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格:
the map of China the door of the room
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2). 双重所有格:
of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物住代词
He is a friend of my _________(brother ).
Is she a daughter of __________(you)?
四、名词作句子成分:
1. 名词作主语:
1). 表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数:
Two hours ________(be) enough for us to get there.
2). 量词短语"数字+量词+ of +¼"作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致:
A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed.
Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk.
3). 名词+介词(with、but、except、along with、as well as ¼¼.)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持
一致:
The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill.
4). 短语"neither¼nor¼、either¼or¼、not only¼but also ¼"连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则:
Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman.
2. 名词作定语:
1). 名词作定语时,一般用单数形式:
There is a shoe factory near the school.
2). 名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式:(sport )
The sports meeting will be held next week.
3). man、woman 作定语表示性别时,man、woman 随后面的名词单复数而变:
one man teacher two women teachers
第二讲座:名词---提高篇
一、名词的单复数:
1. 可数名词的复数不规则变化:
(1) 单复数同形:deer, sheep, Chinese, means, series, species, works, headquarters
(2) 形单意复:people, police, youth, cattle, staff
(3) 形复意单:news, physics, politics, maths
(4)合成词变复数:passer-by®passers-by, son-in-law®sons-in-law, looker-on®lookers-on, go-between®go-betweens,
grown-up®grown-ups
(5) 词形变化:man®men, child®children,tooth®teeth, foot®feet, mouse®mice,medium®media
2. 不可数名词的数:
(1) 有些抽象名词在具体化时,以复数形式出现;表示特指时,可以和定冠词连用;表示"某种"或"一次"的意义时,
可以和不定冠词连用:
in surprise"惊讶地",a surprise"一件令人惊讶的事";win success"获得成功",a success"一个/件成功的人/事";by
experience"靠经验",an experience"一次经历";with pleasure"乐意",a pleasure"一件乐事"。 (2) 物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词,有单、复数:
some coffee"一些咖啡",three coffees"三杯咖啡";some drink"一些饮料",three drinks"三杯饮料";his hair"他的头
发",a few grey hairs"几根白发";glass"玻璃",a glass"一只玻璃杯"。
(3) 有些不可数名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义:
time"时间", times"次数,时代,倍";wood"木头",woods"树林";sand"沙子",sands"沙滩";work"工作",
works"工厂,著作,工程,工事"。
注意:有些名词的单复数具有不同的含义:
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如:game 游戏,比赛 ® games 运动会;mass 大量,众多,团,块 ® masses 群众,民众等。
二、名词的作用:
名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语、状语。
注意:名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,如:shoe repairers, pencil boxes, tooth brushes。但也有例外,如:a sports
car, a customs officer, a clothes shop 等。另外,"man / woman +名词"变为复数时,作定语的 man / woman 和中心词 都要变复数。如:men teachers.
三、名词的所有格:
名词的所有格在句中表示所属关系,用来作定语,修饰名词:
1. 's 所有格,多用来表示有生命的东西,如:
Peter and Tom's school.
2. 如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词 尾加 "'s";如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加"'
s"。如:
Tom and Mike's room (共有)
Tom's and Mike's books (不共有)
3. of 所有格(名词+ of +名词)多用来表示无生命的东西,
如:the legs of the chair, the door of the house。
4. 双重所有格指"of +名词的-'s 所有格"或"of +名词性的物主代词",如:a friend of my brother's, a picture of mine。
5. 表示时间、距离、价格、重量、国家、城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加"'s"或"'"表示所有格。
today's papers; ten minutes' walk; five pounds' weight; ten dollars' worth of coffee; the world's population; China's
industry; New York's parks
6. 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去 shop, house, home. 如:the tailor's; the doctor's, my uncle's.
考点归纳:
考点一: 名词词义辨析:
高考对名词词义辨析的考查主要体现在单项填空和完形填空中,其选项基本上是形似的词、意义相近但用法不同 的词或者形式和意义都不相关的词。解这类题的关键是要弄清楚选项中各个名词的含义,同时也要注意联系上下
文的搭配和语境。
【考例】She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful _____ in last year's election.
A. symbol B. portrait
C. identity D. statue
考点二: 名词固定搭配:
【考例】You are working too hard. You'd better keep a _____ between work and relaxation.
A. promise B. lead C. balance D. diary
考点三:名词的格:
名词所有格主要体现在短文改错中。如:
When I finally arrived at my friend's he lent me lots of clothes.
考点四: 名词的数:
对名词单复数的考查主要体现在单词拼写、语法填空以及短文改错中。
第三讲座:冠词---基础篇
考查重点:
冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词 a 和 an 的用法,定冠词 the 的用法和零冠词的用法等。
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一. a 和 an 的区别:
不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式,a 用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an 用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前:
例如:a boy, a university, a European country; an hour, an honor, an island, an elephant, an umbrella, an honest man, a
useful book
不看字母看读音, 不见原因(元音)别施恩(n)
二. 不定冠词的用法:
1. 泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于 any,这是不定冠词 a/an 的基本用法:
A horse is an animal.
2. 泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物:
A girl is waiting for you.
3. 表示数量,有"一"的意思,但数的概念没有 one 强烈:
I have a computer.
4. 表示"每一",相当于 every:
I go to school five days a week. 我一周上五天课。
5. 用在序数词前,表示"又一","再一": I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
6. 用在某些固定词组中:
a lot(of), after a while, a few, a little, at a time, have a swim, have a cold, in a hurry, for a long time, have a good time, have
a look
三. 定冠词的用法:
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法:
The book on the desk is mine.
2. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物:
Open the window, please.
3. 指上文已经提到的人或事物:
I have a car. The car is red.
4. 指世界上独一无二的事物:
Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?
5. 用在序数词,形容词最高级前:
The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.
6. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前:
the Great Wall 长城,the United States 美国
7. 用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人:
the poor 穷人, the blind 盲人
8. 用在姓氏复数形式前,表示"全家人"或"夫妻俩":
the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩
9. 用在方位词前:
on the left 在左边,in the middle of 在中间
10. 用在西方乐器名称前: She plays the piano every day.
11. 用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前:
the Black Sea 黑海,the Yangzi River 长江
12. 用在某些固定词组中:
all the same 仍然;all the time 一直;at the moment 此刻;at the same time 同时;by the way 顺便说;do the shopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野
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外
四. 零冠词的用法:
1. 棋类, 球类, 一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词:
play chess play football have supper
特例:当 football,basketball 指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football. 我可以看到一只足球。
Where's the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非"球类运动")
2. 季节, 月份, 星期, 节假日名词前不用任何冠词:
In July in summer on Monday on Teachers' Day
3. 人名, 地名, 国家名前不加冠词:
Beijing is the capital of China.
4. 学科, 语言, 称呼, 语职务名词前不用冠词:
Math is hard to learn.
5. 复数名词表示类别时不加冠词:
They are workers. I like eating apples.
6. 名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her 等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any 等)及所有
格限制时, 不用冠词:
my book(正);my the book(误)
7. 在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前:
No.25 Middle School
五. 用与不用冠词的差异:
in hospital 住院 /in the hospital 在医院里
in front of 在¼(外部的)前面 /in the front of 在¼(内部的)前面
at table 进餐 /at the table 在桌子旁
by sea 乘船 /by the sea 在海边
go to school(church¼) 上学(做礼拜¼)
go to the school(church¼) 到学校(教堂¼)去
two of us 我们当中的两人/the two of us 我们两人(共计两人)
next year 明年 /the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家(一个人)
a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
第四讲座:冠词---提高篇
考点一: 基本用法: 1. 定冠词的基本用法:
(1) 用于特指一定的人、事物或上下文提到的人、事物。如:
I woke up with a bad headache, yet by the evening the pain had gone.
(2) 在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
The moon turns round the earth.
Drivers always sit on the left of buses.
(3) 在单数名词前,表示某一类别或某项发明。如:The tiger is a dangerous animal.
(4) 在由普通名词构成的专有名词前及表示江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等的名词前。如:
We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes.
(5) 在序数词前、形容词最高级前或用于特指"两者中较¼¼的一个"。如:
As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.
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(6) 在方位名词前、某些习惯用语或表示时间的词组中:on the left, in the east / west, on the other hand, in the end, the
other day 等。
(7) 在形容词前表示一类人或事物。如:the poor / rich / young / dying / good / unknown 等。 (8) 在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇二人。如:The Smiths are sitting at the table.
(9) 在表示度量单位的名词前,表示"每一"。如:
—It's said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. —Right, he will also get paid by the week.
口诀记忆 the 的用法:
特指熟悉与复述,独一无二全用 the。
方位乐器名词前,序数形最乐位惯。
复数姓氏与专有,习惯用语最后添。
2. 不定冠词的基本用法:
(1) 用在可数名词前表示"一个",含义上相当于"one"。如:
The development of industry has been a gradual process throughout human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.
(2) 与单数可数名词连用,表示某一类人或事物;亦可泛指某一类人或事物中的"任何一个"。如:
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
(3) 用在抽象名词或物质名词前,表示"一种,一次,一类"等意义。如:
He had a strong dislike for cold weather.
(4) 用在序数词前,表示"再一,又一"。如:
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
(5) 用在专有名词前,相当于"一位,一个,某位,某个"或"¼¼式的人"。如:
Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.
(6) 用在某些固定词组中:all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, go out for a walk, have a good time, make a difference,
make a living, have an idea of, have a good knowledge of 等。如:
I don't understand what the engineer means, but I've got a rough idea of the project plan.
(7) 用在季节、月份、星期或节日的名词前,表示某个特定的季节、月份、日子或节日。如:
The accident happened on a rainy Sunday towards the end of July.
3. 零冠词的基本用法(不用冠词的情况):
(1) 复数名词表泛指时,其前不加冠词。如:
The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.
(2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格时,其前不用冠词。如:
Jack's English book is lying on his desk.
(3) 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词和表示人名、地名等的名词前,通常不用冠词。如:
Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.
(4) 表示季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐的名词前,以及表示体育运动项目、学科、运输或通讯方式等的名词
前,通常不用冠词。如:
We're going to watch a match on Sunday.
(5) 表示职务、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语等时,其前不用冠词。如:
Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take place of George.
(6) 在某些固定搭配中, 如:at dawn, on second thoughts, come to light, come to power, give birth to, out of control, in
public, ahead of time, in debt, hand in hand, in place of, do harm to 等。
考点二:习语、固定短语中的冠词:
1. 不定冠词用于短语搭配中。
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(1) "have/take+a(n)+与动词同形的名词",表示动作的一次。
have/take a rest 休息一会儿
have/take a look 看一下 have/take a bath 洗个澡
(2) "go out for a(n)+名词",表示从事某项活动。
go out for an outing 去郊游
go out for a picnic 去野餐
(3) 习惯搭配。
as a matter of fact; in a hurry; in a word; a waste of; in a way; come to an end; all of a sudden; have a(n)...knowledge of;
have a(n)...understanding/grasp /feeling of
2. 定冠词用于固定搭配。
in the morning; on the other hand; on the contrary; on the air; in the end; come to the point; the ABC of...
3. 在一些固定短语中,名词前不用冠词。
at night; at home; day after day; by telephone; in danger; on purpose; out of control; under+n.; be home to.
第五讲座:代词---基础篇
一.人称代词:
单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 it/she/he it/her/him they them
1. 主格作主语, 宾格作动词或介词的宾语:
He teaches ______(we) Chinese.
2. 三种人称代词并列时, 顺序为:
单数: 二, 三, 一 (You, she and I ) 复数: 一, 二, 三 (we, you and they ) 注: 若把责任担, 第一人称最当先, (即若做错事时, 把第一人称放在最前面.) She and I have been to Beijing .
Who broke the window ? I and Mike .
注:it 还有一些特别的用法。
1)用作形式主语, 常用于 "It's +adj +to do sth"句型中. 2) 用在句型: "It seems that ¼"中.
3) 用在句型: "It's one's turn to do sth"中.
4) 用在句型: "It's time to do sth / for sth"中. 5) 用在句型: "It's +adj +that 从句"中.
6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth .
二. 物主代词:
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性 my our your your its/his/her their
名词性 mine ours yours yours its/his/hers theirs
形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用。
名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与 of 连用。
Our classroom is as big as ______(they). This is a friend of ______(my).
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注: 1) 名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.
(名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词)
2) 形容词性的物主代词与 own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.
My own house = a house of my own
三. 反身代词:
单数
复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves
记忆小窍门:
反身代词有规律, 第三人称宾格加 self. 其余都要物主加 self, 复数 ves 来把 f 替.
反身代词的常用搭配:
enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learn¼by oneslf all by oneself
help oneself to ¼ look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in
say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself
see oneself in the mirror
四. 指示代词:
1. 近指: this these 远指: that those
2. 用法:
1) that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物, 以避免重复. That 代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复 数名词.
The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than ______in this shop.
A.this B.that C.one D.those
2) this, that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分, that 代替前面提到的句子而 this 代替下面提到的句子.
He had a bad cold , that is why he didn't come .
3) 在电话用语中, this 代替自己, 而 that 代替对方.
This is Tom speaking. Who is that ?
五. 不定代词的区别:
1. one 与 it 的区别:
One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而 it 代替上文中出现的某事物.
This book is a good one. May I borrow it ?
2. some 与 any 的区别:
一般情况下, some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定,疑问句, 条件句中. 但在表建议的疑问句中, 仍用 some 代 any. 常用
于 could / would / May 开头或 what about /how about ¼. 的句中。
May I have some water ?
He asked me for some paper, but I didn't have any .
3. many 与 much 的区别:
Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词
都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
注: a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用 many /much .
4. a few /few /a little /little 的区别:
表否定(几乎没有) 表肯定(有一点/几个)
修饰可数名词 few a few
第8页
修饰不可数名词 little a little The story is easy to
read. there are _____
new words in it .
Hurry up ! There is _____ time left .
5. each / every 的区别:
each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个. 而 every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.
There are trees and flowers on _____ side of the street .
______ student has read a story .
注: each 可以与 of 连用, each of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 而 every 不能与 of 连用. 只能放在名词前作定语.
Each of us _______(study )hard .
6. no one 与 none 的区别:
no one 表示没有人, 不能与 of 连用. 而 none of +复数名词/ 代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数。
The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest .
7. both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别:
There are many trees
都 都不 任何一个
on ____ side of the
两者之间 both neither either
river. A. both
三者或三者以上 all n</p>
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