初中英语语法15个专题汇总(带习题和答案).doc

中考英语总复习目录专题一 名词1专题二 数词、冠词7专题三 介词、连词14专题四 代词21专题五 形容词、副 词30专题六 动词的分类39专题七 情态动词、系动词46专题八 动词时态53专题九 被动语态59专题十 非谓语动词66专题十一 简单句、并列句76专题十二 祈使句、感叹句84专题一三 宾语从句90专题一四 定语从句98专题一五 状语从句105专题一 名词1. 名词的数1. 概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。2. 可数名词及其单复数：可数名词有单复数变化，其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰，还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。1） 复数的规则构成法：绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图： 规则 例词一般情况下加-sapple-apples, ruler-rulers以s, x, ch，sh,结尾的加-esbus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再加-escity-cities, county-countries以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v,再加-esknife-knives, leaf-leaves以o结尾的，有的词尾加-es，有的加-s在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个：tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoesHero-heroes， Negro-Negroes2) 复数的不规则构成法：a单复同形的：Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量)b. 熟记下列词的复数变化：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-childrenc. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词，变复数时要全变：a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变：a girl student-two girl students3. 不可数名词：不可数名词没有单复数。如：water, meat, air等。在表示数量时，通常用以下方法。1）用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。 There is little milk at home. The old man has lots of money.2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量，应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式，若数字超过一，量词应用复数形式。如：a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread2. 专有名词：专有名词是表示特定的人，事物， 地点等，如：Tom, China, the United Kingdom. 专有名词的第一个字母一般大写，大部分专有名词前一般不用冠词。3. 名词的所有格：1. 概述：名词的所有格在句中是表示所有关系，作定语。2. 名词所有格的构成：名词所有格包括 s所有格和of所有格两种形式。无生命的名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the name of the school, the window of the house等。s所有格主要用于有生命的东西和表示时间，距离，国家等的名词后。构成方法如下：1） 一般直接在名词后加s. 如：Jims book2） 复数名词的所有格，若以s/es结尾只加撇号，不以s/es结尾仍加s。如：Childrens Day, the teachers office.3)“ and”连接的并列名词的所有格，表示两人“共有”只在后一个名词尾加s; 表示“各自拥有”，两个名词尾都要加s. 如：Jim and Lucys book（共有）; Janes and Toms books(不共有)4）表示店铺或某人的家等处所时，常在名词的所有格后省去shop, house, home等。如：the barbers, at my uncles5) 表示时间，距离，国家，城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加s或表示所有格，如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk.3. 双重所有格1)名词双重所有格的含义：of+名词所有格称为双重所有格，这种结构中，of前面是一部分，of后面是一个整体。例如：Mr Wang is a friend of my fathers. (=Mr Wang is one of my fathers friends.) 王先生是我父亲的一个朋友. 2)名词双重所有格的构成方法： a. of前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词，如a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。例如： Have you read any stories of Lei Fengs? 你看过雷锋的故事吗？ They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。 Three classmates of my sisters have found good jobs. 我姐姐的三个同学已经找到了好工作。 b. 有时of前面的名词前面可以用指示代词this, that表示某种感情色彩。例如： That answer of Jims was right. 吉姆的那个回答是对的。 Something is wrong with this eye of mine. 我的这只眼睛出了毛病。 c. of后面带有s的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。例如： Thats a book of Lu Xuns. 这是鲁迅的一本书。 This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。 3)名词的双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构之间的区别： a. 句子所表达的侧重点不同。试比较：He is a friend of my fathers. （着重说明“父亲”的朋友不止一个）He is a friend of my father. （着重说明“他”是父亲的一个朋友）b. of前面是picture等词时，含义不同。试比较：This is a picture of my teachers. 这是我老师收藏的一张照片。This is a picture of my teacher. 这是我老师的一张照片。实战演练(250)1. June 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childrens C. Childrens2. September 10th is _ Day in China.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. Teacher3. This is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. such good4.What _ it is! Lets go out to have a picnic.A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day5. Tom and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foot C. by foot6. Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow 7. A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen8. That doctor drank two _.A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea9. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bob mother B. Bobs mothers C. mother of Bob10. The tall man with a big nose is _ classmate.A. Tom and Carl B. Toms and Carls C. Tom and Carls11.In _ time, there will be more tall buildings in our city.A. few year B. a few years C. a few years12. How many _ do you want every month?A. milk B. water C. apples13. Whose is this new bicycle? -Its _.A. Sue and Jims B . Sue and Jim C. Sues and Jims14. Would you like _tea?-No, thanks. Ive drunk two _.A. any; bottles of orange B. a little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange15. How many _ do you want? -Two, please.A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs16. The bus stop is two _ from our house.A. hours drive B. hours drive C. hour-drive17. Where are you going, Amy?-_.A. To my uncle B. To my uncles C. At my uncle18. Have you read _?A. a newspaper of todays B. today newspaper C. todays newspaper19. Lucy put a lot of _ in _ of tea. A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups20. Tomatoes, broccoli, and _ are vegetables.A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles21. Help yourself to some _.-Thank you. I really like them. A. fish B. orange C. cakes22. The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. a tooth C. teeth23. We all had _ last month. Did you travel to anywhere?A. three days holiday B. three days holiday C. three-days holiday24. When autumn comes, _ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.A. leaf B. leave C. leaves25. Tomorrow Im going to my_. Its a _.A aunt.five minutes walkB aunts.five minutes walk C aunts.five minutes walk26. A computer is one of the greatest _in this century.A inventors B inventions C invitations 27. We havent _ homework to do today. A many B some C much28. Three hours_enough for a_boy to read books.A is.ten-year-oldB are.ten-year-old C is.ten-years-old29. _that pair of new_nice?A Is.shoe B Are.shoes C Is.shoes30.Mary, Ive bought many_. Now lets make the birthday cake.A fresh eggsB chocolate milk C food 31. The two _are my_.A woman doctors. friends B women doctors. friendsC women doctors. friend32. These are_houses.A Lee and my uncle B the Lees and my unclesC theLees and my uncle33. We are_.They are_.A Chinese.Germen B Chinese.GermanC Chinese.Germans34. There _ a pencil and two books on the desk. A. has B. is C.are 35. A number of students _ for the school bus now. A. is waiting B. are waiting C. waits 36. The number of students in the class _ large. A. are B. has C.is 37. A _ is used for keeping warm. A. stamp B. scarf C. key 38. There is no _ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms 39. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and fathers 40. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three 41. - What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two coffee 42 During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _A. fun B. wishes C. interest 43. They are those _ bags. Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors44.- How many students are there in your school? - There are two _.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of45. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book 46. There is not enough _ in the corner for the TV.A. place B. room C. field 47. If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. exercise48. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutes 49. Mum, I have _ to tell you! A. a good news B. some good news C. many good news 50. Maths _ not easy to learn.A. are B. is C. am 参考答案：1-5:BBCCB; 6-10:AACBC; 11-15: BCACC; 16-20:BBCCB; 21-25:CCACC；26-30：BCACA31-35：CBCBB；36-40：CBAAC；41-45：BBCBB；46-50：BCBBB专题二 数词、冠词一数词1.数词概述：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。 2.数词的种类：可以分为两种： 基数词：表示数目多少的数词。序数词：表示先后顺序的数词。3.基数词的写法和用法1）112的基数词是独立的单词，即： one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight， nine，ten，eleven，twelve。 2）1319的基数词以-teen结尾。如：14fourteen，但13，15，18较特殊，13thirteen 15fifteen 18eighteen。 3）2090的整十位均以-ty结尾。如：60sixty，但20，30，40，50，80较特殊， 20twenty 30thirty 40forty 50fifty 80eighty。 4) 十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”，如：28twenty-eight，96ninety-six。 5) 百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加“and”，如：148one hundred and forty-eight , 406four hundred and six。 6) hundred（百），thousand（千），million（百万），billion（十亿）等前面即使有具体的数词，也不能在它们的后面加s。7) .百(hundred),千(thousand),百万(million)等词与介词of连用的时侯，用复数形式，表不确定数目，其前面不可与数字连用8）.表示“几十”的数词，复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代。如： He is in his forties. 他四十多岁。 This took place in the 1930s. 这事发生在二十世纪三十年代。 9）.基数词可与其他词构成形容词。如： Can you say something about your two-month holiday? ？(two和month之间有连字符时，month用单数)4. 序数词的写法和用法 1）基数词变序数词可利用口诀巧记：“一、二、三，特殊记，八去“t ”，九去“e”，“ve”要用“f”替，见“y”变成“i”和“e”，词尾加上“th”，若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。”变法如下：first，second，third，eighteighth nineninth，fivefifth，twelvetwelfth，twentytwentieth，fortyfortieth，twenty-fivetwenty-fifth。 其余情况均在基数词后加th。如： sixsixth, nineteennineteenth , hundred hundredth, thousandthousandth等。 2）. 序数词前常用定冠词the, 表“顺序”。但如果序数词不表示顺序，而表示“又一个，另一个”时，则不能用the, 要用a. 如：Try it a second time. 再试一下。 5. 序数词表示“名次”时，不用定冠词。 He was first. 他得了第一名。 Who was first? Who was second？谁是第一名？谁是第二名？ 注意: 1.分数的读法：分子必须用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如果大于1，分母须用复数形式。先读分子，再读分母。分子为one时可换用a. 如： In our class, about a third can speak English well. Two thirds 三分之二。 2.1/2读作“a(或one)half(而不是a second “一秒钟”)，1/4既可读作“a(或one)quarter”又可读作 “a(或one)fourth”. 3/4:Three quarters 3.小数的读法：小数点的前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同；小数点读作point,小数点后只须将数字一一读出。 15.67 读作: fifteen point six seven 4. 百分数的读法：先读基数词，再读百分号 “%”（读作percent）. 5% 读作: five percent. 5.年代的读法为“两位，两位”地读。整百的后读hundred,整千的后读thousand, 前常加 the year. 如： 1937读作nineteen thirty-seven 或：nineteen hundred and thirty-seven 2000 年 读作 the year two thousand December the first, nineteen ninety-four 一九九四年十二月一日二.冠词1. 冠词概述：冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。2. 冠词的种类：英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。 3. 不定冠词的用法 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作e，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做en。 1) 表示一个，意为one；2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is a doctor.3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a great many / many a / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / 4. 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。它有以下意义： 1）特指双方都明白的人或物：定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the umbrella.带上伞。 2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a book.Ive read the book. 他买了一本书。我看过那本书。 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 活着的人。 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面： Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the hand.她抓住了我手。 7）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 8）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。 9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 10) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark,in the rain,in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, by the way,go to the theatre5.零冠词的用法 1) 国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。2）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 3）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 4） 当by 与火车等交通工具连用中间无冠词；by bus，by train； 5）有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class， town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义，如：go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) 6）不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last实战演练(250)1. There are _ days in a year. A. three hundred sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five 2 _visitors visit this museum every day. A. Hundred B. Hundred of C. Hundreds of 3. There are two_ people in the library. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of 4. Every year _ watch NBA on TV. A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people 5. _ trees will be planted in our city in 5 years. A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Two thousand of 6. My brother is in_. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade first, Class Third 7. We are going to learn_ this term. A. book six B. six book C. Book Six 8. Please turn to_. Lets read the text aloud. A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page 9. He will come here _ tomorrow morning. A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two10. He was doing some reading _. A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight C. yesterday morning at eight 11. He began to live there_. A. on his fifty B. at age of fifty C. in his fifties 12 They moved to the USA _ A. in 1980s B. in the 1980 C. in the 1980s 13.She was _ her early twenties when she became a movie star. A. at B. on C. in 14. There are_ months in a year. December is the_month of the year. A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve 15. Sunday is the_ day of the week. A. seventh B. first C. second 16. Autumn is_ season in a year. A. the fourth B. the third C. a third 17. -Whats the da