AirWaterDrinkingWaterorBreathingDrinkingampSwimming空气水饮用水或呼吸喝amp游泳.pptx

Air Quality EngineeringIntroduction,andA Case Study(Acidic Deposition)AirQualityEngineering:Whatisit?Goal:Controlairpollutantemissionssothatimpactsonhumanhealth,structuresandcrops,aesthetics,ecosystemhealth,andtheatmosphere/climatesystemareminimized,orareacceptable.AirQualityEngineering:Whatisit?Components:Scientificunderstandingoftheatmosphere:Whatdeterminesaircomposition?Howdopollutantsmove,react?UnderstandingofthesourcesofairpollutionPollutantsources:who,where,controloptions.Naturalprocessesthatinteract.Applicationofcontroltechniques.AcidRain:History1872:RobertAngusSmith,“AirandRain:TheBeginningsofaChemicalClimatology”:Usedtheterm“AcidRain”StudiedraincompositionaroundManchester,England:“thatwithcarbonateorammoniainthefieldsatadistance,thatwithsulfateofammoniainthesuburbsandthatwithsulphuricacidoracidsulphate,inthetown.”History:Isitstillaproblem?CoalcontainsSS+O2-SO2.“Smog”(SMoke+fOG):SO2andparticles:London,1952:4000deaths.London,1962:700deaths.Denora,Pennsylvania,1948:20deaths.U.S.,1996,15,000-45,000prematuredeaths.ToreduceSO2concentrations:Reduceemissions,orDiluteanddispersetheemissions.Solution:TallStacksSmelteratSudbury,Ontario1/2kmsmokestackDilutionistheSolutiontoPollutionMap of Rainfall pHEffectsonStreams&LakesBulgeretal.,Univ.Virginia,ReportforTroutUnlimited,June,1998.Buffer Capacity of Virginia Watersheds50ueq/L20-50ueq/L0-20ueq/L0ueq/LEffectsonStatuesU.S.GeologicalSurveyEmissionSourcesSources:Mostfromutilities,industrialboilers.NationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil,NationalAcidPrecipitationAssessmentProgramBiennialReporttoCongress:AnIntegratedAssessment,May1998.Emission Control OptionsChangethefuel:CoalScontentrangesfrom3%.OilScontent3millioncubicfeet/minuteLimestoneScrubberAirPollutionControl:ADesignApproach,CooperandAlley,1994.Note size of carsSpray:H2O+CaCO3Reactions:AbsorbSO2,SO2+CaCO3-CaSO3+CO2Issues:MasstransferChemistryMaterialbalanceEnergybalanceRegulationstoReduceEmissionsTwo Options:“CommandandControl:”SetemissionlimitsforeachplantEmission Trading:Selectedin1990CleanAirActamendments.Plantsreceive“allowances”thatcanbetraded.Shouldbemoreefficient($/ton)MethodsUsedRainfall:ChangeinH+J.Lynchetal.,USGS,Open-FileReport96-0346,TrendsinPrecipitationChemistryintheUnitedStates,1983-94LearnMore:Facultyandinstructors(Civ.&Env.Eng.):Prof.RichardHonrathProf.KurtPatersonProf.JudithPerlingerCourses(Civ.&Env.Eng.)CE4505:AirQualityScienceandEngineeringCE5506:AirQualityModelingCE5505:AtmosphericChemistryCE5590:AppliedBoundaryLayerMeteorologyRelatedCoursesandProgramsRemoteSensingInstitute.AtmosphericScience:Meteorology,atmos.physics:Physics,GeologicalEng.&Sciences.Atmosphere/biosphereinteractions:Forestryhttp:/www.bluffton.edu/sullivanm/spain/segovia/aqueduct/aqueduct.htmlContributingauthorsincludeProf.D.W.HandOfferingsatMTUTopicFacultyCoursesWaterTreatmentDr.D.HandCE4507-WastewaterCollection&WaterDistributionDr.N.HutzlerCE4508Water&WastewaterTreatmentandDesignCE4509EnvironmentalProcessSimulationCE5501EnvironmentalProcessEngineeringCE5503Physical-chemicalTreatmentProcessesWaterResourcesDr.D.WatkinsCE3620WaterResourcesEngineeringDr.B.BarkdollCE4610SystemsAnalysisCE4620OpenChannelFlowCE4630HydraulicStructuresGeoHydrologyDr.J.GierkeGE3850-GeohydrologyDr.A.MayerGE4800GroundwaterEngineeringWaterQualityDr.M.AuerCE4505SurfaceWaterQualityEngineeringDr.N.UrbanCE5504SurfaceWaterQualityModelingCE5508BiogeochemistryEngineeringofunitprocesses,pipes,pumps,distributionsystems,EmploymentOpportunities:MunicipalitiesConsultingfirms(largeandsmall)Large,watertreatmentandsupplyfirmsInternationalAidagenciesGraduateschool,researchAWWAGovernmentAffairsWhatWaterUtilitiesCanDotoMinimizePublicExposuretoCryptosporidiuminDrinkingWaterByproduct of water-disinfection process found to be highly toxicJim Barlow,Life Sciences Editor217-333-5802;jebarlowuiuc.edu9/14/04CHAMPAIGN,Ill.Arecentlydiscovereddisinfectionbyproduct(DBP)foundinU.S.drinkingwatertreatedwithchloraminesisthemosttoxiceverfound,saysascientistattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaignWaterQualityNEW!4/09/01-CompassionateEnvironmentalistsWarnPresidentBush:TesttheWateratYourRanchSierraClubBlastsDecisiontoWithdrawProtectionsforDrinkingWaterArsenicinWaterCausesCancerMarch20,2001Walkerton criminal charges met with angerWALKERTON REPORTFullStory(Part2)FullStory(Part1)ExcerptsfromreportStatementbyMikeHarrisChronologyofEventsKeyPlayersCollectedWalkertonLettersWalkertonColumnsWALKERTON-Atanewsconferencemarkedbyangryoutburstsfromresidents,OntarioProvincialPoliceannouncedyesterdaytheyhavechargedthetwobrothersatthecentreoftheWalkertontaintedwatertragedy.StanKoebel,manageroftheWalkertonPublicUtilitiesCommissionwhentheE.colidisasterhitin2000,facessevencriminalcharges.Hisbrother,Frank,PUCforemanatthetime,facesfivecriminalcharges.Sevenpeoplediedandmorethan2,000weresickenedbyE.colicontaminationofWalkertonswatersysteminMay2000.ExcerptedfromCanadaOnline(Canoe)http:/ ONTARIOS DRINKING WATER:TOWARD A WATERSHED-BASED SOURCE PROTECTION PLANNING FRAMEWORKAdvisory Committee on Watershed-based Source Protection PlanningFinal ReportApril 2003Surface Water Quality EngineeringSurface Water QualityEngineeringDefinition:the application of scientific principles to the study of water quality in rivers,lakes and reservoirs and to the development of engineered works for the protection,remediation,and restoration of those systems.TransportationPowerWater supplyWaste disposalRecreationAestheticsBeneficial UsesScientistsandengineersaretypicallysoughtforassistancewhenbeneficialusesareimpairedOxygenTurbidityPathogensToxicsTaste and OdorExotic SpeciespHColorBeneficial Use ImpairmentWhattypesofhumanactivitiesmightleadtothesebeneficialuseimpairments?Surface Water Quality:The Regulatory BasisClean Water Act of 1972 (since amended)NPDES:permitting system TMDLs:watershed loadsSafe Drinking Water Act of 1974(since amended)MCLs:1 and 2 for organics,metals,etc.SWTR:coliforms,protozoans,turbidity,DBPsLimnology:The Science of Surface WatersPlug Flow Reactor(rivers)Surface Water Quality ModelingReactor AnalogsCompletely MixedFlow Reactor(lakes)Watershed protectionPoint source controlsIn-lake control actionsAerationBiomanipulationDredgingSurface Water QualityManagementThesearesomeofthescientificandengineeringapproachesusedtomanagewaterquality.Case Study-Lake HuronCladophoraisagreenalgaewhichgrowsattachedtosolidsubstrateinthenearshorewatersoftheGreatLakes.Excessivephosphorusdischargestothelakeshasledtonuisancegrowthsofthealga,leadingtobeachfrontdeposition,withsubsequentdecayandlossofbeneficialuses.WeworkedwithU.S.EPAtodeterminethelevelofphosphoruscontrolrequiredtoeliminatenuisancegrowthandimplementedademonstrationprojectofP-removalattheHarborBeach,Michiganwastewatertreatmentplant.TheprojectledtoeliminationofnuisanceconditionsattheadjacentbeachareasonLakeHuron.Case Study-Green BayGreenBayishighlypollutedduetothedischargeofagriculturalrunoffandtreatedwasteeffluentsfrommunicipalandindustrialsources.AmarkedgradientinwaterqualityexistsbetweenthemouthoftheFoxRiverandtheboundarywithLakeMichigannearEscanaba.UnderagrantfromU.S.EPA,wequantifiedpollutantinputstothebayandstudiedtheirsubsequentfateandtransport.WedevelopedamathematicalmodelwhichdemonstratedtheresponseofwaterqualityconditionsinthemaytochangesinthedischargeofpollutantsfromtheFoxRiver.Case Study-Onondaga LakeFormorethan100years,OnondagaLakehasreceivedthemunicipalandindustrialwastedischargesofthecityofSyracuse,NY.ThelakehasbeenidentifiedintheCongressionalRecordasthemostpollutedlakeintheU.S.Since1986,wehaveworkedwithUpstateFreshwaterInstituteinexploringoptionsforlakecleanup,includingadvancedtreatmentatthe125milliongallonperdaySyracuseMetropolitanTreatmentPlant(METRO)anddiversionoftheMETROeffluenttotheadjoiningSenecaRiver.Case Study-NYC ReservoirsTheNewYorkCitydrinkingwatersupplysystemiscomposedof19reservoirsandthreecontrolledlakeslocatedinsoutheasternupstateNewYork.Thesystemhasausablecapacityof580billiongallonsandsuppliesanaverageof1.4billiongallonsperdayto9millionpeople.Since1992,wehavebeenworkingwiththeNYCDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtectiontoassureahighqualitysourcewaterdespiteincreasinglanduseandpollutionpressuresinthewatershed.Case Study-Lake SuperiorLakeSuperioristhelargestlakeintheworldbysurfaceareaandthemostpristineoftheGreatLakes.Itisalsotheleastwellknownofthesepreciousresources.Becauseofitsrelativelyundevelopedwatershed,mostpollutantsreachthelakefromtheatmosphere.UndergrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundationandtheMichiganGreatLakesProtectionFund,wehavebeenworkingtobetterunderstandhowpollutantsreachingthelakearetransportedfromsitetositeandcycledwithinthefoodweb.CaseStudy:LakeSempach,SwitzerlandLakeSempachisadeep,pre-alpinelakeintheheartoflushfarmlandsinSwitzerland.Agriculturalrunoffandsewageinputscausedsevereeutrophicationofthelake.Buildingtertiarysewagetreatmentplantswasnotenoughtosolvetheproblem,andin-laketreatment(aeration)alsowasineffective.ThissituationhasledtheSwissgovernmenttopasslegislationstatingthatfarmerscannotapplymorefertilizertothelandthanthelandcanabsorb.Westudiedtheprocessesinthesedimentsthatpromotedinternalrecyclingofnutrientsandexacerbatedtheeutrophicationproblem.CaseStudy:LittleRockLake,WILittleRockLake,nearRhinelander,WI,isaseepagelakesituatedinglacialoutwashsands.Suchlakeshaveverylittlecapacitytoneutralizeacidrain.Thislakewasdividedintwowithanartificialcurtain,andonehalfwasexperimentallyacidifiedforsixyearsandthenallowedtorecoverinordertostudytheeffectsofacidrainonlakes.Westudiedtheprocessesinthelakethatneutralizeacidinputsandthatdeterminetherateatwhichthislakeisacidified.CaseStudy:TorchLake,MITorchLakeisaSuperfundsiteontheKeweenawPeninsulathathad20%ofitsvolumefilledwithminetailings(stampsands).Tracemetalshaveleachedfromthesemineresiduesandreachedtoxicconcentrationsparticularlyinthesediments.TheU.S.EPAelectednottoremediatethelakebecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.However,ourworkhasshownthatthetimerequiredforthelaketorecoveronitsownisafewhundredyears.Seniordesignclasseshaveexaminedthefeasibilityofcappingthesedimentsofthelaketohastenitsrecovery.CaseStudy:TorchLake,MITorchLakeisaSuperfundsiteontheKeweenawPeninsulathathad20%ofitsvolumefilledwithminetailings(stampsands).Tracemetalshaveleachedfromthesemineresiduesandreachedtoxicconcentrationsparticularlyinthesediments.TheU.S.EPAelectednottoremediatethelakebecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.However,ourworkhasshownthatthetimerequiredforthelaketorecoveronitsownisafewhundredyears.Seniordesignclasseshaveexaminedthefeasibilityofcappingthesedimentsofthelaketohastenitsrecovery.CE3610-HydrologyCE4505-Surface Water Quality EngineeringCE5504-Surface Water Quality ModelingCE5508-BiogeochemistryBL4451-Aquatic EcologyFW4220-WetlandsCourseworkStudentshavetheoptionofbuildingaconcentrationinsurfacewaterqualityaspartoftheB.S.inEnvironmentalEngineeringatMichiganTech.Government(NYC DEP,MPCA,U.S.EPA)Industry(Detroit Edison,Kodak,GM)Consulting(Limno-Tech,Hydroqual,Earthtech)Graduate Study&Research(MTU,UFI,NOAA)EmploymentCheckoutthewebpagesoftheseorganizationsforprofessionalopportunities.WHATISUNIQUE?Theproblem(s):20%ofworldspopulationlackssafedrinkingwater;Majorrivers(Nile,YellowR.,ColoradoR.)rundrybeforereachingtheocean;Watertablesdroppinginmajorfoodproducingregions(U.S.GreatPlain,Chinesenorthernplain,India);Lackofwaterismajorconstrainttoindustrialandsocioeconomicgrowth(China,India,Indonesia);By2025twothirds(2/3)ofworldpopulationwillliveinwater-stressedregions.SUSTAINABILTYPreservelimitedwatersupplies;Watershedorsourceprotection;Airpollutantsmoveintoaquaticsystems;Groundwaterpollutantsaffectsurfacewaters;Interconnections;Populationgrowth;Lifestyles,culture;Science,engineering,policy;Economics,socialscience,