季佩玉范烨学术英语综合.pptx

学术英语学术英语 综合综合Academic English An Integrated CourseUnit 9MedicineUnit ContentsUnit objectivesText AText BText CAcademic language and discourseListeningSpeakingWritingUnit Objectives1.Professional KnowledgeKnowmoreaboutthefollowingmedicine-relatedissues:the driving forces of the constant changes in medicinethe changing doctor-patient relationshipthe new requirements in medical curricular design,and the trend in drug development2.ReadingSummarizethemainideaofatextandidentifyessentialsupportingpoints.Understanddifficultsentences(e.g.,sentenceswithabstractmeaningorambiguousreference).Analyzecomplexorcontroversialissuescritically(e.g.,thechangingdoctor-patientrelationship;designingup-to-datemedicalcurricula).Identifyandestablishacause-and-effectrelationshipasinthecaseofchangesinmedicine.Unit 9MedicineUnit Objectives3.ListeningUseCornellnote-takingsystem.4.SpeakingDevelopastrongconclusion5.WritingLearntowriteareferencelistUnit 9MedicineUnit Objectives6.ResearchingIndependentlylocateandstudyavarietyofresources(articles,books,videos,etc.)toknowmoreaboutdrugresearchanddevelopment.7.Academic language and discourseAcquiresomemedicalterms.Learnhowtomakeadefinition.ComprehendstylisticdifferencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglishandacquiresomeformalexpressionsUnit 9MedicineText A Lead-inDiscussinsomegroupsthefollowingquestions:1.Whatdoyouthinkofthemedicalprofession?2.HowhastheInternetinfluenceddoctorsmedicalpractice?Shareyouranswerswiththewholeclass.Unit 9MedicineText A Overview1.SummarizethemainideasofTextA.Among many challenges and questions,doctor-patient relationship will be the greatest for the physicians.Challenge on the doctors role in certain clinical situationsApproaches to meeting the challengeRegarding medicine as a science of an artChanges need not diminish doctors interactions withpatients,which is the main reason why doctors are privilegedUnit 9MedicineText A In-depth analysis1.Contributeasmuchaspossiblewhatyouknowaboutthefollowing:alternativemedicinedoctor-patientrelationshipdesktopmedicineUnit 9MedicineText A Supplementary information1.Alternative medicineAlternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionalmedicaleducation,whichincludesacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine.Theygotthename“alternative”becausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticeslikethesenottobelongtothemainstream.AlternativemedicinehasbeenlongtaughtandpracticedinEasterncountries.Inrecentyears,itgainsincreasingrecognitioninWesternsocieties,withhospitalsprovidingalternativetreatments,medicalschoolsofferingcoursesinalternativemedicine,andpatientsbecomingmorereceptivetotryingalternativetechniques.Unit 9MedicineText A Supplementary information2.Doctor-patient relationshipDoctor-patientrelationship,alsocalledphysician-patientrelationship,hasbeenandremainsakeystoneofmedicalpracticeandisessentialforthedeliveryofhigh-qualityhealthcareinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases.Itservesasthemediuminwhichdataaregathered,diagnosesandplansaremade,complianceisaccomplished,andsupportisprovided.Therelationshipplaysaparamountroleinmaintainingaprofessionalrapportwithpatients,upholdingpatientsdignity,andrespectingtheirprivacy.Italsoformsoneofthefoundationsofcontemporarymedicalethicsandismostwidelytalkedaboutinmedicalandhealthcarecommunities.Unit 9MedicineText A Supplementary information3.Desktop medicineDesktopmedicine,anemergingconceptinmedicine,describeshowadeskwithanetworkedcomputeristransformingmedicalscienceand,inturn,medicalpractice.Historically,bedsidemedicinehasbeenusedtodiagnoseandtreatdiseases,incorporatingthestandardelementsofthehistory,thechiefcomplaint,thereviewofsystems,thephysicalexam,andthediagnosticstudies.Incontrasttotraditionalbedsidemedicine,desktopmedicinefeaturesresearchersdiscoveringrisk-factorbaseddiseasesandphysiciansdiagnosingandtreatingpatientswiththesediseases.Whilebedsidemedicinefocusesonthepresenceorabsenceofdiseases,desktopmedicineconcernsthemanagementoftheriskofdiseases.Unit 9MedicineText A In-depth analysis2.Discusschangesinmedicalpracticeandadaptiondoctorsarewarrantedtomake,integratingTask1/Criticalreadingandthinkingintothediscussion.3.FocusonsomeofthedifficultsentencesinTextAbydoingTask2/Criticalreadingand.Youwillbeinvitedtoreportyouranswerstotheclass.Unit 9MedicineText B Text analysis1.Whatis“pillburden”?Pillburdenreferstothenumberoftablets,capsules,orotherdosageformsthatapatienttakesonaregularbasis.Highpillburdenisassociatedwithabunchofproblems:1)adecreasedcompliancewithdrugtherapy;2)anincreasedpossibilityofadversemedicationreactions(sideeffects)anddrug-druginteractions;3)anincreasedriskofhospitalization,medicationerrors;4)increasedcostsforboththepharmaceuticalsthemselvesandforthetreatmentofadverseevents;and5)dissatisfactionformanypatients.Unit 9MedicineText B Text analysis2.Whatis“Fixed-dosecombinationdrugs”?Fixed-dosecombinationdrugsarethosecontainingtwoor more drugs in fixed proportions in the same formulation.Fixed-dosecombinations,withtheirreported advantages to the patients,are becomingincreasingly important.General advantages includereduced costs of manufacture,improved patient adherenceanddecreasedcostsofdistribution.Advantages like increased efficacy and increased safetymaybepossiblewithcertaincases.Suchdrugsarebeingused in the treatment of various conditions and arespecificallyusefulinthemanagementofHIV,malaria(疟疾),tuberculosis(结 核病),diabetesandhypertension,tonameafew.Unit 9MedicineText B Text analysis3.Whataretheproblemsassociatedwithhigh pill burden and benefits broughtaboutbyfixed-dosecombinationdrugs？4.Summarize the main idea of the textafterapaireddiscussionofTask1/Criticalreadingandthinking.5.Workingroupsof4-5toworkoutTask2/Critical reading and thinking.Reportyouranswerstotheclass.Unit 9MedicineText B Text analysisTask1/OverviewSimplification of patient care,particularly the simplified drugregimens,willyieldbenefitsbothforthepatientsandforthedrugmanufacturers.Theincreasingburdenofchronicdiseasesmaycausethe appeal of fixed-dose combination drugs to increase.Suchproducts have proved to enhance patients adherence to drugregimens.Besides,those drugs are also appealing to thepharmaceuticalindustry.Althoughdrugmanufacturersarerequiredtogothroughtheregularapprovalprocess,itcostslesstointroduceafixed-dose combination drug than to bring a new drug to market.Despitetheirpossibledisadvantagessuchasclinicianslimitedabilitytocustomizedosingregimens,fixedcombinationdrugswillofferasolutiontotheincreasingdemandformoremedicationstocontrolchronicillnesses.Unit 9MedicineText B ResearchingFormintoteamstodothetaskinResearching/TextB.Withineachteam,thereare:1)FacilitatorThinkaboutthewholegroupandmanagethetaskandthelearningprocessMakesureeveryonefeelsincludedandhasajobtodobeforeandduringthediscussion.Presideoverthediscussion.2)recorderMakenotesofthegroupdiscussion.Workwiththereporter,whowillhavetoreadfromthenotes.3)reporterSummarizeandpresentthediscussionresultstothewholeclass.speakonbehalfofthegroup.Unit 9Medicine1.Contributewhatyouknowaboutthefollowingtermsandthengiveexamplesasmanyaspossible.Text C Text AnalysispublichealthveterinarymedicineUnit 9MedicineText C Supplementary informationPublic HealthPublichealthisconcernedwiththehealthofthecommunityasawhole.C.E.A.Winslow,oneoftheleadingfiguresinthehistoryofpublichealth,definedas“thescienceandartofpreventingdisease,prolonginglifeandpromotinghealthandefficincythroughorganizedcommunityefforts”Themissionofpublichealthistofulfillsocietysinterestinassuringconditionsinwhichpeoplecanbehealthy.TheUnitedStatesPublicHealthService(USPHS)isafederalhealthagencythatispartoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.StateandcountypublichealthagenciesfunctionunderthesupervisionofandwithfinancialsupportfromtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Unit 9MedicineText C Supplementary informationVeterinary medicineVeterinarymedicineisthebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththestudy,prevention,andtreatmentofdiseasesinanimals,especiallydomesticatedanimals.Thescopeofveterinarymedicinecoversallanimalspecies,bothdomesticatedandwild.Besidesdiagnosingandtreatingsickandinjuredanimals,veterinarianshasthemissionofpreventingthetransmissionofanimaldiseasestopeople,andadvisingownersonthepropercareofanimals.Veterinaryschoolisusually4yearsandrequiresapriorcollegedegreeintheUSandCanada.Unit 9Medicine2.DothetranslationtaskinTextC.人人、动物和我们的环境合力产生了一种新动态，、动物和我们的环境合力产生了一种新动态，使每个群界的健康相互关联，密不可分。这一新动态带来使每个群界的健康相互关联，密不可分。这一新动态带来的挑战强度高，意义深刻，前所未有。我们越来越依赖于的挑战强度高，意义深刻，前所未有。我们越来越依赖于动物及其产品，就传染病而言，这种依赖性很可能是影响动物及其产品，就传染病而言，这种依赖性很可能是影响我们健康和安乐的最严峻的危险因素。同时，我们环境的我们健康和安乐的最严峻的危险因素。同时，我们环境的污染大大降低了环境的健康和可持续性。要更好地理解并污染大大降低了环境的健康和可持续性。要更好地理解并解决目前由于人、动物和环境领域的合力所产生的问题，解决目前由于人、动物和环境领域的合力所产生的问题，可以采取一种策略，即可以采取一种策略，即“一体化健康一体化健康”的概念。达到的概念。达到“一一体化健康体化健康”的目标确实是人类当今所面临的重要挑战之一。的目标确实是人类当今所面临的重要挑战之一。Text C Text AnalysisUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourse1.Whataremedicalterms?2.GeneralrulesofformingmedicaltermsMedicaltermsarelargelyformedfrombuildingelements,namely,roots,prefixes,suffixesandexistingwords.Generally,we recognize seven commonly-used processes of word-formationinmedicallanguage.Theyareaffixation,composition,conversion,blending,backformation,clipping,andacronym.SpecializedvocabularyUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourse2.Generalrulesofformingmedicalterms Affixation:Affixationreferstoformationofwordsbymeansofaffixes(prefixandsuffix),suchasautograph,asymptomatic,andantineoplastic.Composition:Compositionisaword-formingprocessbyjoiningtwoormorewords.Awordmadeinthiswayiscalledcompoundword,forexample,brain death,gray matter,host-specific,deaf-mute,air-borne,bottle-feed,sleepwalk,and overweight.SpecializedvocabularyUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourse2.Generalrulesofformingmedicalterms Conversion:Conversionisaword-formingprocesswherebyawordisadaptedorconvertedtoanewclasswithoutanychangeofform.Agoodcaseinpointisstent.ItisoriginallyanounnamedafterEnglishdentist,CharlesR.Stent(1845-1901),referringto1)adeviceusedtosupportabodilyorifice(孔口)orcavityduringskingraftingortoimmobilizeaskingraftfollowingplacement;2)aslenderthread,rod,orcatheter(导管)insertedintoatubularstructure,suchasabloodvessel,toprovidesupportduringorafteranastomosis(吻合术).Itisnowconvertedtoverbasin“Medtronic offers both stented and stentless tissue valves.”SpecializedvocabularyUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourse2.Generalrulesofformingmedicalterms Blending:Ablendisacompoundwordformedbyblendingpartsoftwowords(ormore)suchasgenomeandMedicare.Backformation:Itiscommontoformnounsfromexistingverbsbyaddingsuffixessuchas-or,-er or-ar.Forinstance,teacherismadefromteachandsuffix-er.Back-formationreferstothereversedprocess.Thatis,verbsaremadefromexistingnounsbydeletingseemingorimaginedaffix.Forexample,diagnosecamefromdiagnosis,andovulatefromovulation.SpecializedvocabularyUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourse2.Generalrulesofformingmedicalterms Clipping:Clipping,alsocalledshortening,referstotheprocesswherebyawordisshortenedbyclippingoffpartofthewordwithoutchangingitsmeaningandwordclass.Forexample,fluisshortenedformofinfluenza,specsofspectacles,polioofpoliomyelitis,psychofpsychology,andquackofquacksalver.Acronym:Anacronymisawordcoinedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupwordsinatitleorphrase.Alargenumberofacronymshavebeencreatedinmedical,suchas CT(computerizedtomography),RBC(redbloodcell),CC(chiefcomplain),BMR(basalmetabolicrate),BP(bloodpressure),GP(generalpractitioner),andNP(nursepractitioner).SpecializedvocabularyUnit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourseSignpostlanguage1.DoTask2/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.2.Discussthewaysthatatermorconceptisdefined.Unit 9MedicineAcademic language and discourseFormalEnglishDoTask3/Languagebuilding-up/TextA.Unit 9MedicineListening1.ExplainCornellNote-takingForm2.ListentotheclipanddoTask1andcheckthefirstthreeRsinCornellnote-takingformat.3.Writedownthesummaryofthevideointhecorrespondingspaceontheformprovided.4.WatchthevideoclipandcompleteTask2.Unit 9MedicineSpeaking1.Explainthelanguageresources,asprovidedintheboxofSpeaking,fordevelopingastrongconclusion.Attentionisnecessarytotheimportanceandvalueofanimpressivecloseofaspeech.2.DothepresentationinclassandAsktheaudiencetoevaluatethepresentationusingChecklistChartonPage222inthetextbook.3.Commentonthepresentation.Unit 9MedicineSpeakingSupplementary informationCreative and compelling ways to close a speech EndthespeechbyrecappingthemajorpointsinthespeechEndthespeechbyreferringbacktotheopeninganecdoteorquoteEndthespeechbycallingforactionandapplyingwhatyouhavesaidinthespeech,forexample:Lets do it together.Weve heard what we have to do.Weve seen what we need to do.Now is the time to do it,and,together,we can do it.EndthespeechbyquotingMore than 450 years before the birth of Christ,Confucius said:“What I hear,I forget;what I see,I remember;what I do,I understand.”Unit 9MedicineWriting1.Howtowriteyourreferencelist?Referencesystemsdifferfromeachotherinthearrangementofelements(authorsname,publicationdate,titleofthework,publicationdata).Thereexistpossiblevariationsoftheformatrequirementsbyaparticularjournal.Suchinformationisusuallyavailableinthe“ForAuthors”sectiononthejournalsofficialwebsite.Unit 9MedicineWriting2.DoTask1/Writing.Unit 9Medicine