英语写作第一部分省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

Introduction to the Test Paper.The Sentence(句子)：30 points.The Paragraph(段落)：30 points.Precis and Practical Writing(概要及应用文写作)：40 points第1页.The Sentence 1.Revise the sentences(重写句子)：10*1.5 points=15 points2.Corrcet the errors(改写病名)：5*3 points=15 points第2页The Paragraph3.Figure out the topic sentence(标出主题句)：3*5 scores=15 points4.Rearrange the paragraphs(重新组合段落)：5*1 scores=5 points5.Cross out the irrelevant sentences(标出与段落内容无关句子):10 points 第3页 Precis and Practical Writing6.Writing a letter(写信)：40 points第4页Part OneThe Sentence Lecturer:彭素第5页Outline1.Types of sentences(句子种类)2.Common errors(常见结构错误)3.Sentence variety and brevity(句子结构灵活多样性和简练性)第6页Types of sentences1)The Periodic Sentence(掉尾句)2)The Short and Long Sentences(长短句)3)Simple,Compound,Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences(简单句,并列句,复合句,并列复合句)第7页1)The Periodic Sentence(掉尾句)(1)Definition(定义):A periodic sentence is one in which the main thought is not completed until the very end of the sentence.第8页(2)Difference between the loose and periodic constructions A sentence with a periodic construction(掉尾结构)is likely to be(很可能)more emphatic than that a sentence with a loose construction(涣散结构),in which the main thought is given first,followed by one or more modifying clauses or phrases(修饰性从句或短语).第9页modifying clauses or phrases1.modifying clauses：1)adverbial clause of condition(条件状语从句):if,unless（除非）,as(so)long as（只要）,etc.2)adverbial clause of concession(让步状语从句):though,although,（尽管，虽然）even if,even though,（即使，纵然）however（无论如何）,whatever（无论什么）,as（即使，尽管）,etc.3)adverbial clause of time(时间状语从句):when,whenever,while,as,（然而）before,after,since（自从）,till（直到什么时候为止）,once（一旦）,as soon as（一就）,etc.4)adverbial clause of place(地点状语从句):where,wherever,etc.5)adverbial clause of reason(原因状语从句):because,since（既然，由于）,as（由于，因为）,for,now that（既然）,etc.6)Adverbial clause of purpose(目状语从句):so that（以便）,such that,in order that（为了）,lest,in case（以防，免得）,for fear that（惟恐，害怕）,etc.7)Adverbial clause of Comparison(比较状语从句):as(修饰as/so),than(修饰more/less),etc.8)Adverbial clause of result(结果状语从句)：sothat,suchthat,etc.第10页2.modifying phrases：prepositional phrase(介词短语)participial phrase(分词短语)infinitive phrase(不定式短语)noun phrase(名词短语)第11页Examples:A.There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century.Scientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries.第12页B.The history of English words is the history of our civilization(文明)in many ways.In many ways,the history of English words is the history of our civilization.第13页C.She was offered a professional contract(职业协议)after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating(花样滑冰)，according to newspaper reports(新闻报道).According to newspaper reports,after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating,she was offered a professional contract.第14页Page 2(Practice)Procedure（步骤）（步骤）:（1）寻找主句或句中所强调部分；（2）寻找并确定修饰从句或短语：1.Athough.(让步状语从句)2.When.(时间状语从句)3.To do.(不定式短语)4.As soon as.(时间状语从句)5.To do.(不定式短语)6.Doing.(现在分词短语)7.One of.(名词短语)8.If.(条件状语从句)9.For.(介词短语)10.Because.(原因状语从句)（3）把修饰性短语或从句移置句首，即将涣散句变成掉尾句。第15页2)The short and Long Sentences1.Using short sentences（使用短句）2.Using long sentences（使用长句）3.Alternating short and long sentences（长短句交替使用）第16页1.Using short sentences1)Short sentences can be often more powerful than long sentences.2)Advantages(优点):(1)easy to read and understand (2)clear and effective3)Disadvantage(缺点):Too many short sentences will appear to be childish(幼稚)and exhaust(使厌烦)the reader.第17页4)The ways to improve the disadvantage:(1)simply join the short sentences together with coordinating conjunctions(并列连词),such as and,but,or,yet and so on.(2)join the short sentences together with subordinating conjunctions(隶属连词),such as(比如),as long as(只要),in so far as(至于,就),in case(以防),once(一旦就),in as much as(因为,既然),as if(好像,似乎),every time(任何时候,不论何时),provided(that)(假如,假如),now that(既然),etc.第18页5)The reasons for using subordinating conjunctions:(1)They allow the writer to express his meaning more accurately(准确地).(2)They allow more variety(多样化)in sentence structure.Example:I passed the examination because I studied hard.Because I studied hard,I passed the examination.(注意：because与so不能同时用，只能二者取其一；类似于although或though与but，但当but改成yet时可与although或though连用)第19页6)To combine the simple sentences together will make the thought of the simple sentences more complicated(复杂),and make the final combined long sentence more complex(复杂).Example:Bert is a certified accountant(注册会计师).Even Bert was stumped by(被难倒)the fourth math problem.Even Bert,a certified accountant,was stumped by the fourth math problem.插入语第20页Page 7(practice 1)Procedure:(1)把每个短句意思搞清楚；(2)寻找中心句；(3)分辨各种修饰性短语或从句；(4)将各个充当修饰语短句融合成长句中修饰性短语或从句；(5)结合该修饰语部分与中心句，即为最终长句。第21页2.Using long sentences 1)In contrast to(和对比起来)short sentences,which usually could not express the thought presented by the sentences clearly,long sentences are particularly(尤其地)useful for presenting a set of complex,interlocking(连结)ideas.2)Most of the long sentences are compound,complex and compound-complex sentences(并列句，复合句，和并列复合句),but sometimes the simple sentences(简单句)are also long sentences.第22页3.Alternating short and long sentences1)Although series of short and long sentences can both be effective in individual(单独)situations,frequent(频繁)alternation in sentence length characterizes(描述)much memorable(难忘)writing.2)After one or more long sentences that express complex ideas or images(概念),the pitch of a short sentence can be refreshing(清新)and arresting(有吸引力).第23页3)Simple,Compound,Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences(简单句，并列句，复合句，并列复合句)1.Simple Sentences(简单句)2.Compound Sentences(并列句)3.Complex Sentences(复合句)4.Compound-Complex Sentences(并列复合句)第24页1.Simple Sentences(简单句)(1)A single subject-verb(一个主语，一个动词)：Example:The city destroyed(破坏)by the earthquake.(2)More than one subject and one verb(很多主语，一个动词)：Example:Her speech and performance(表现)moved the audience(观众).(3)One subject and more than one verb(一个主语，很多动词)：Example:The factory chimney(烟囱)smoked and polluted the air.(4)Several subjects and verbs(几个主语和动词)：Example:Manny,Lucy and Mary lubricated(使润滑)my car,replaced(取代)the oil filter(机油滤清器),and cleaned the spark plugs(火花塞).（注意（注意:并列动词要在时态上保持一致，三个或三个以上动词连用时，在并列动词要在时态上保持一致，三个或三个以上动词连用时，在最终一个动词前要加最终一个动词前要加and,但若各个动词短语是以分号隔开，则不需用但若各个动词短语是以分号隔开，则不需用连词连词and）第25页2.Compound Sentences(并列句)1)A compound sentence is made up of(由组成)two or more simple sentences,usually connected by a comma(逗号)plus a joining word,such as,and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet and so on.2)A compound sentence is used when you want to give equal weight to(强调同等主要性)closely related ideas,so it is called coordination(同等)between the simple sentences.第26页Page13(practice)procedure：1.搞清楚每个简单句意思；2.明白两个句子之间关系，如并列关系，转折关系，因果关系等等；3.依据两个句子之间关系来选择表示该关系连词，如and,but,for,so,yet,nor,or；4.经过利用连词，将两个简单句组成一个句子，即为并列句。第27页3.Complex Sentences(复合句)A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word(隶属连词).A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize(比起A更强调B)B over A in a sentence.And A is subordinated to(隶属于)B,which is called subordination(隶属关系).第28页Page 15(practice 1)Procedure:1.了解两个句子意思及相互关系；2.分清主句与从句；3.寻找适当隶属连词来引导从句；4.普通情况下，隶属连词引导从句放句首，再用逗号与后面主句隔开，全句即为两个单句组成复合句。假如用隶属连词是while时，则普通将主句放句首。第29页4.Compound-Complex Sentences(并列复合句)The compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent statement.(一个或多个从句一个或多个从句+两个或多个简单句两个或多个简单句+一个或多一个或多个连词个连词)Example:1.After I returned to school following a long illness,the math teacher gave me make-up work(补考),but the history teacher made me drop her course(重修).2.Many students drive their cars to the college,but others prefer to(宁愿，更喜欢)take public transportation(公共交通工具)because free parking near the campus is unavailable.第30页Homework1)textbook:Page 16:practice 2Page 18:practice 3Page 19:practice 22)Reference book:Page 70-74:Rewrite the sentences.第31页