动词和动词词组省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

动词和动词词组第10讲第1页动词分类（一）1，按其在动词词组中所起作用分：主动词和助动词主动词:又叫实义动词，能独立作句子谓语成份 简单动词词组 复杂动词词组助动词Examples:1.The workers received a raise last year.2.They have been taking music lessons.3.He neednt have been waiting in the rain.基本助动词：be,do,have 情态助动词can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,need,must,dare,dared,ought to,used to 半助动词:have to,seem to,be about to,be due to,be going to,be meant to,be meant to,be supposed to等.第2页一，基本助动词一，基本助动词be 1.be通惯用来帮助主动词组成进行体和被动态 I am listening to a Beethoven symphony The students were praised by the principle do1.do通惯用来帮助主动词表示否定意义或组成疑问句 My wife doesnt know Russian Do you agree with me?第3页2.do用来加强语气，起强调作用 You do look well 3.do用作代词 -Do you like Beijing?-Yes,I do (do代替like Beijing)4.组成否定祈使句时，只用do，而不用does和did Dont be so absent-minded第4页5.do用作实义动词，译为“做”Jane was doing the dishes when her mother came backhave1.have通惯用来协调主动词组成完成体或完成进行体 Joan has seen that movie I have been working here for 20 years第5页2.have 做实义动词，译为“有”Im sorry I cant play with you,because I have so many things to do 第6页二，情态助动词二，情态助动词14个：个：can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare/dared,need,used toExamples:1.It may snow before nightfall.2.Would you let me use your pen for a minute?3.If she became a movie star,she could afford a new home.注意：情态动词过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间情态动词不能叠加使用，其后接是动词原形第7页三，半助动词三，半助动词 半助动词是兼有主动词和助动词特征语法结构，常见有 have to,seem to,be about to,be due to,be going to,be meant to,be supposed to，be willing to,be likely to,be unable to 等,既可与主动词搭配组成复杂动词词组表示情态意义，从而像情 态动词，又可与其它助动词搭配，像是主动词Examples:1.I have to buy a new car.2.You will have to sell your house.第8页及物动词不及物动词连系动词2.按是否须跟有补足成份以及须跟什么样补足成份分一，及物动词 1.及物动词后须带宾语，有些可带双宾语,John is playing cricket The new lamp gave us more light 2.有些及物动词在一定上下文中既要带宾语，也要带状 语2.按是否须跟有补足成份以及须跟什么样补足成份分一，及物动词 1.及物动词后须带宾语，有些可带双宾语,John is playing cricket The new lamp gave us more light 2.有些及物动词在一定上下文中既要带宾语，也要带状 语第9页 I put the book on the shelf二，不及物动词二，不及物动词 1.不及物动词之后不带宾语，但有些不及物动词在一定上下 文中须带状语，不然意义完全不一样 Example 1.The president is speaking 2.Frank cheats at poker 三，连系动词三，连系动词 1.连系动词之后带主语补语第10页 Example 1.That sound like a good idea 2.The fish smells awful补充补充：（：（1）状态系动词：）状态系动词：be （2）连续系动词：）连续系动词：keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand等等 （3）表象系动词：）表象系动词：seem,appear,look等等 （4）感官系动词：）感官系动词：fell,smell,sound,taste等等 （5）改变系动词：）改变系动词：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 等等 （6）终止系动词：）终止系动词：prove,turn out等等注意：注意：有一些动词含有跨类现象，既能作及物动词，也能作不及物有一些动词含有跨类现象，既能作及物动词，也能作不及物 动词和联络动词，常见有动词和联络动词，常见有smell,become,prove,taste,stay 第11页Example 1.The fish is fresh from water.You dont have to smell it 2.The milk is going bad.It smells 3.This dish smells delicious第12页表连续动作词表改变或移动词表短暂动作词例：drink,eat,fly,play，rain,read,run,sit等例：arrive,become,change,come，get,go,leave例：hit,jump,kick,open,close，put,shut,knock等Examples:1.He works at a chemical factory.2.They were talking about the house.3.Winter is here.The leaves of the trees are turning yellow.4.The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.表连续动作表连续动作表改变表短暂动作3，按词汇意义分：动态动词，静态动词一，动态动词一，动态动词 第13页二，静态动词二，静态动词1.用作主动词be和have(作“有”解）：We have friends all over the world.2.含有静态动词be,have意义动词，如apply to,belong to,differ from,cost,weigh等。This rule applies to(=is applicable to)everyone.3.表示感觉动词，如feel,hear,see,smell等She doesnt hear very well.4.表示心理或情感状态动词，如assume,believe,consider,detest等We understood your difficulty.第14页注意:假如静态动词（stative verb)用于进行体(progressive aspect)，则变为动态动词（dynamic verb).Examples:1.He is being foolish.2.This mistake is costing us dearly.3.Be quiet.Im thinking.表示肉体感觉动词，如ache,feel,hurt等，用于进行体或非进行体均可，含义不变。Examples:1.My foot aches/is aching.2.I dont feel/am not feeling very tired.=is acting foolishly=is bringing great injury to us=giving thought to a problem第15页动词分类（二）词组动词v+prep.动词+介词v+adv.动词+副词小品词v+adv+prep.动词+副词小品词+介词Examples:1.He couldnt account for his long absence from school.2.The place blow up when it was hit by a missile.3.I dont want to come down with the flu again.补充：副词小品词是形似介词一类比较特殊词，它兼有副词和介词特征。它往副词小品词是形似介词一类比较特殊词，它兼有副词和介词特征。它往往与前面动词组成修饰和补充说明语义关系，本身不能单独充当句子成份，它往与前面动词组成修饰和补充说明语义关系，本身不能单独充当句子成份，它形似介词，又没有实体意义，不能独自带宾语，与动词组成只有一个论元单位形似介词，又没有实体意义，不能独自带宾语，与动词组成只有一个论元单位叙述结构。常见副词小品词有：叙述结构。常见副词小品词有：up,down,in,out,on,off,over,away.一，单词词组和动词词组一，单词词组和动词词组第16页限定动词非限定动词限定形式非限定形式现在时过去时不定式现在分词过去分词二，限定动词和非限定动词二，限定动词和非限定动词三，规则动词和不规则动词三，规则动词和不规则动词 大多数动词过去时和过去分词都是在原形之后加词尾-ed组成，这类动词叫规则动词，其它则归为不规则动词 不规则动词几个类型：（1）ABC（即原形，过去时，过去分词）arise arose arisen break broke broken ring ran run steal stole stolen begin began begun第17页（2）AAA cast cast cast hit hit hit put put put set set set spread spread spread 另外还有另外还有cut,fit,hurt,let,read,cost,shut等等 （3）ABB bend bent bent creep crept crept deal dealt dealt flee fled fled mean meant meant dig,catch,hang,hold,find,sit,pay,win,meet,feel等同此使用等同此使用方法方法 （4）第18页补充：补充：（4）AAB beat beat beaten （5）ABA become became become come came come run ran run第19页Verbs grammatical forms:Tense（时）:it is the verb form that shows time distinction.Aspect（体）:it is the verb form that shows motion or process is in what state in a certain time.Voice（态）:it is the verb form that shows active or passive relationship between subjects and predicate verbs.Mood（式）:it is the verb form that is used to distinguish speakers in what tone of voice.Tense（时）：过去时 现在时 未来时 Aspect（体）：Progressive Aspect进行体 Perfective Aspect完成体Examples:I speak Chinese,but now I am speaking English.2.I have taught English for 20 years.第20页Voice(语态）：Active Voice主动态Active Sentence主动句Passive Voice被动态Passive Sentence被动句被动态动词词组也可有不一样时、体形式(P120)Moo（式）：Indicative Mood陈说式Imperative Mood祈使式Subjunctive Mood虚拟式Examples:He goes to church every Sunday.Take a 10 minutes break now.How I wish I had gone there with you.第21页虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气是一个特殊动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说话是一个特殊动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说话不是一个事实，而是一个不是一个事实，而是一个假设、猜测假设、猜测假设、猜测假设、猜测、怀疑等怀疑等怀疑等怀疑等(在条件从句在条件从句中或让步状语从句中中或让步状语从句中)；一是；一是表示说话人表示说话人愿望、要求、命令、提议等愿望、要求、命令、提议等愿望、要求、命令、提议等愿望、要求、命令、提议等 (在宾语在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。虚拟式仅有两个形式：虚拟式仅有两个形式：虚拟式仅有两个形式：虚拟式仅有两个形式：1 1、be-be-型虚拟式（型虚拟式（型虚拟式（型虚拟式（BE-Subjunctive);BE-Subjunctive);2 2、were-were-型虚拟式（型虚拟式（型虚拟式（型虚拟式（WERE-Sub-junctive)WERE-Sub-junctive)。The Subjunctive Mood第22页、be-型虚拟式主要使用方法：型虚拟式主要使用方法：用于表示用于表示命令、决定、提议命令、决定、提议等词语等词语之后之后that-that-分句中。比如：分句中。比如：.He ordered that all the.He ordered that all the books books be sentbe sent at once.at once.It is essential that all the .It is essential that all the facts facts be examinedbe examined first.first.The board has given .The board has given instrustions that the agent instrustions that the agent fly fly to Boston.to Boston.第23页2.2.用于由用于由 if,though,whatever,lest,if,though,whatever,lest,so long as so long as 等引导分句中。表示推测让步，等引导分句中。表示推测让步，防范等含义。比如：防范等含义。比如：If he If he be foundbe found guilty,John shall guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.have the right of appeal.上述使用方法现在只限于正式书面语上述使用方法现在只限于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通惯用动词陈说式或体，在非正式语体中通惯用动词陈说式或者者should/may+should/may+不定式。不定式。第24页3 3、用于一些公式化语句中可表示祝福、诅咒、禁、用于一些公式化语句中可表示祝福、诅咒、禁止等意义。比如：止等意义。比如：Long live the People s Republic of China!God bless you!Heaven damn you!(该死！该死！）Devil take him!(混蛋！）混蛋！）So be it!(希望如此希望如此/就这么吧。）就这么吧。）第25页、were-were-型虚拟式主要使用方型虚拟式主要使用方法：法：1.1.惯用于由惯用于由if,if only,as if,as if,if only,as if,as though,though though,though 引导条件状语和让步引导条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实条件或让步。状语分句中，表示非真实条件或让步。比如：比如：If I were you,I should wait till next week.If it were to rain,the game would be put off.第26页2 2、惯用于、惯用于wish,would,rather,suppose wish,would,rather,suppose,imagine,imagine之后之后that-that-分句中，表示一个臆想情分句中，表示一个臆想情况。比如：况。比如：I wish it werewere spring all the year round.I d rather I werewere not at the site of the accident.上述上述 were-were-型虚拟式在第一、三人称单数主语之型虚拟式在第一、三人称单数主语之后可为后可为 was was 所取代。比如：所取代。比如：If it was to rain,the game would be put off.If only I was not so nervous!第27页 不过，在不过，在 if I were you if I were you 这一分句中，通常这一分句中，通常倾向于用倾向于用 were were，而不用，而不用 was was。另外，在一些倒。另外，在一些倒装结构中只用装结构中只用 were,were,不用不用 was was。比如：。比如：Were I to do it(=If I were to do it),I should rely on you.还有，在还有，在 as it were as it were（作（作 so to speak so to speak 解，解，即即“宛如宛如”、“好比好比”）结构中也只用）结构中也只用were were，不，不用用waswas。比如：。比如：He is my best friend,my second self,as it were.第28页 状态状态基基本本结结构构时间时间 普通普通进行进行完成完成完成完成进行进行现在现在过去过去未来未来过去未来过去未来普通现在普通现在时时现在进行现在进行时时现在完成现在完成 时时现在完现在完成进行成进行时时普通过去普通过去时时普通未普通未来时来时过去未来过去未来时时过去进行过去进行时时过去完成过去完成时时过去完过去完成进行成进行时时未来进行未来进行时时未来完成未来完成时时未来完成未来完成 进行时进行时过去未过去未来进行来进行时时过去未来过去未来完成完成 时时过去未过去未来完成来完成进行时进行时第29页第第1111讲讲动词时和体（一）第30页11.1 11.1 普通现在时使用方法普通现在时使用方法+1)表示不受时限客观存在(包含客观真理,格言,科学事实等)+A rolling stone gathers no moss.+Knowledge is power.+Time and tide wait for no man.+2)表示现在习惯动作+My father doesnt smoke.+He always sleeps with his windows open.第31页+此法常与频度副词连用。如：always,ever,frequently,hardly ever,never,occasionally,often,rarely,seldom,sometimes,usually等。Be动词常位于其后，位于其前可起强调作用。+The students(always)are always on time for class.3）表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作+A)静态动词+I think I like +B)实况报导+Harper passes the ball to Jennings;Jennings shoots and the goal keeper leaps for it but yes,its a goal.+C)专门或日惯用语+I wish I say I declare第32页+4)表示未来时间+主将从现+I hope you have a good time.+I bet it rains tomorrow.+Ill see(to it)/make sure/make certain(that)you dont get lost.+Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes?+If it is fine tomorrow,we will go to the countryside.+表示既定事实+Tomorrow is Sunday.5)表示过去时间第33页+能用普通现在表示过去动词有tell,say,hear,learn,gather 等.+Alice tells me youre entering college next year.+附特殊使用方法:+A)表示某种情绪+I happen to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it.+B)死者言论著作,仍有影响+Darwin believes that natural selection is the chief factor in the development.+C)不强调时间+No one is born an actor.11.2 普通过去时使用方法第34页+1)表示过去时间,通常已成为过去,现在不存在+They had a baby last year.+Did you see him yesterday?+His father was an English teacher all his life.+2)表示现在时间和未来时间+A)委婉语气want,wonder,think,hope+I wondered if you could give me some help.+B)固定句型:Its time I wish Id rather+a:表示与现在事实相反主观构想+Its time you went to bed.+I wish you lived closer to us.+If only he didnt drive so fast!第35页+b:表示对未来时态主观构想+If I had money now,Id buy a car.+If you went at about five oclock tomorrow,you could see him before he left the office.+C)主从关系,要求从句使用过去时态+I didnt know you were here.+D)普通现在时与普通过去时区分+He looks as if he was sick.（虚构）+He looks as if he is sick.（事实）第36页11.3现在进行体使用方法现在进行体使用方法基本结构：基本结构：be（am,is are)+V-ing一.表示说话时正在进行动作.v 能用于进行体动词普通往往是表示延续性动词，常有right now,now,at the moment,Look,Listen等提醒词eg:Hurry up!Were all waiting for you.Look,John is dancing under the tree.二、表示现阶段一直在进行动作（但当初不一定在发生）v 常出现时间状语有（these days,this week,this month等）eg:Jane is studying law these days.v与频度状语如always,constantly,forever等连用，其语意常带有感情色彩，多半表示不满情绪，或在特定语境中表示强调（而普通现在时这一使用方法通常陈说事实）eg:She is always complaining about her life condition.第37页v不过这种结构在特定上下文中可能不包含感情色彩，频度状语只是强调作用eg:Healthy and happy children are always playing.(always 表示强调动作重复）三、表示按计划安排近期内即将发生v能用现在进行时表示未来动词多是表示方位移动动词，如：come,go,leave,start,arrive,get,travel,have(表示开会，开晚会，玩得开心等意思时）等动词。注意，若have/has表示“拥有”含义时不能用于进行时态eg:We are having a party tonight.Come and join us.Im going to Qingdao for the summer holiday.v现在进行体表示未来使用方法还常见于一些时间状语分句与条件状语分句中eg:Ill talk about it while youre writing the report.If you are standing at the corner,Ill give you a lift into the town.第38页v用现在进行体表示未来时间时，在句中或者上下文会有表示未来时间状语或者其它依据，不然意义会含糊不清eg:Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?(表示未来）Areyoudoinganythingspecialnow?（表示说话时正在进行动作）Areyoudoinganythingspecial?（以上两种解释均可，需依据上下文）四现在进行体其它使用方法v表示刚才过去（只适合口语中一些表示说话词，如tell,talk,say,exaggerate等）eg:Idontbelieveit?YouknowImtellingthetruth.v表示委婉语气(这一使用方法只限于hope,wonder等少数几个词),其实也暗含了现在进行体不确定性、暂时性特点eg:Imhopingyoullgivemesomeadvice.第39页 总而言之:能用于现在进行体动词通常是表示动作动词，尤其是表示延续性动作动词，如work，study,live等；表示短暂动作动词，如shoot,put,place jump,nod等，通常以普通现在时表示现在发生短暂动作，即部分提到现在瞬间动作eg:I place the test tube over the flames；now you can see that the liquid is beginning to change colour.11.4 过去进行体使用方法过去进行体使用方法 基本结构：基本结构：was/were+V-ing一、表示过去某时正在进行动作(通常也要把时间状语表示出来或者依据上下文判断）第40页v能够表示过去某一时刻正在进行动作或者过去某一阶段一直在进行动作eg:Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.?Theywerebuildingadamlastsummer.v人们常在口语和记叙文中首先用过去进行体表示某种正在进行动作，由此引出用普通过去时表示新事态或者情节eg:AthirstyAntwasclimbingdownabladeofgrassthatgrewbesideaspring.Unluckily,sheslippedandfellintothespring.(表达故事发展连续性）二、表示过去某种阶段习惯性动作eg:Inthosedays,Georgeusedtogetupatnine,butthatweekhewasgettingupatfiveeveryday.第41页v也可与always,constantly,continually,for ever 等连用表示感情色彩,或者在特定语意中表示强调，与现在进行体基本相同eg:My brother was always losing his keys.三、表示过去未来时间里动作（按照计划安排即将发生过去未来事态）eg:They were leaving a few days later.v过去进行体用在一些时间状语和条件分句中还能够表示过去未来时间正在进行动作eg:He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her.He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.四、表示现在时间和未来时间里动作v表示婉转语气（只限于hope,want,wonder)等动词，主要用来表示有礼貌请求),与现在进行体基本相同第42页eg:Iwaswondering/wonderedifyoudliketocomeoutwithmeoneevening.（相比而言，过去进行体会比普通过去时愈加婉转、礼貌）v表示主观臆想情况（即类似于自己主观假定情况或者特殊情况虚拟语气），但这一使用方法限于一些固定结构，如：eg:Iwish（希望）theywerenottalkingsoloudly.Idrather（宁愿）youweregoingatonce.Iftheywereleavingtonight,Idliketogowiththem.=过去进行体与普通过去时比较过去进行体与普通过去时比较1.表示已完成动作用普通过去时，表示未完成动作用过去进行体第43页eg:Iwasreadinganovelyesterday.(未读完）Ireadanovelyesterday.(已读完）2.普通过去时通常只说明过去某时发生某事，而过去进行体侧重在动作连续时间，而不但是说明事实eg:Itrained/wasrainingallday.Heworked/wasworkingallthroughthenight.3.当普通过去时与过去进行体同时出现在句中时，通常表示时间较短动作用普通过去时，表示时间较长用过去进行时eg:IbrokeaglasswhileIwascookingthedinner.Thepupilsweretalkingnoisilywhentheteachersteppedin.第44页4.在口语中，说话人表示所谈内容是随便，非有意，或者无一定目标性，惯用过去进行体eg:IwastalkingtoJohntheotherday.5.注意普通过去时和过去进行体表示动作时间次序，依据语境体会eg:Whenwearrived,shewasmakingsomefreshcoffee.（正在煮）Whenwearrived,shemadesomefreshcoffee.（到了以后才开始煮）6.表示过去状态、感觉及心理活动静态动词，如be,like,love,hope,think,hate,fear,own,hear,see,know,wabe,like,love,hope,think,hate,fear,own,hear,see,know,want,noticent,notice等）可用普通过去时或者普通现在时，而不会有进行体表示eg:Ihateditwhenamanspokewithhismouthfulloffood.(通常不一样Iwashating）7.与频度状语连用时，普通过去/现在时表示经常性、习惯性动作；而进行体表示动作重复性，常带有感情色彩第45页TASKSTASKS1.-HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?-Ihavenoidea.He_itthismorning.A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingDhaddone答案:C进行体含有未完成性和短暂性特点，此处Ihavenoidea表达就是不确定性2.Becauseetheshop_,alltheT-shirtaresoldathalfprice.A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown答案：C此处进行时态表现按计划安排发生事情。第46页一个团结友爱互助大家庭一个团结友爱互助大家庭 Thank you第47页