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动词不定式的用法
非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
1. 不定式形式:由to+动词原形构成。
2.用途:
在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质,本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中除了不做谓语,可以作句子任何成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由施动者发出。动作的施动者我们称之为 不定式的逻辑主语,其形式如下:
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made
完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made
进行式 (not) to be making
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honor _____________ (invite) to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作______)
I wish ______________ (send)to work in the country.(不定式作__________)
Can you tell me which is the car________________( repair)?(不定式作________)
He went to the hospital______________________ (examine).(不定式作__________)
(2)时态
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
I hope_________(see) you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry __________________ (give) you so much trouble.
3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems ____________________ (eat) something.
4) 疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
Eg. 什么时候出发去伦敦到现在还没有决定呢。
_______________________________________________________________________
我问陈老师怎么样学好英语。
__________________________________________________________________________
动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。
一、作主语
1.动词不定式作主语可位于句首, 也可使用it作形式主语,而将其置于句末。例如:
To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.
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2.动词不定式作主语的常用句型有:
1. It is+adj./ n. (+for sb./sth.) + to do sth.
用于此句型的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary等。
用于此句型的名词有:pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。
2. It is+adj.+of sb.+to do sth.
该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词,如: kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。
3. It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
4. It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.
例如:真遗憾你错过了这么精彩的电影
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在这么短的时间里完成这任务对他们来说是不可能的。
_____________________________________________________________
你真傻放弃这么好的机会
_______________________________________________________________
骑车去镇里花了我半个小时
_______________________________________________________________
二、作表语
动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构:My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is…及The next step/ measure is …等。例如:
Your job is _____________ (type) the papers in the office.
The next measure is ____________( stop )the river from being polluted.
三、作宾语
常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。
例如:They decided _______________ (build )a highway between these two cities.
She offered _______________( help) me when I was in trouble.
believe, think, consider, feel, make等动词可用于“动词+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型,其中使用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。例如:
I think ______ necessary for us ___________( have) a good rest after the long work.
She felt ______ her duty _____________( help) the old woman.
四、作宾补
1.可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有:allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive(强迫),encourage ,expect ,forbid, force, get, would like (love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等等。例如:
The doctor advised her _________________( eat) too much sugar.
I wish you ____________________(go) the meeting with me.
2. 在主动结构中,下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to:“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“两听”(hear, listen to)“一感觉”(feel)。:但是,改为被动结构后,应补出省略的to。例如:
The woman saw him break the window.
_____________________________________________________
五、作定语
动词不定式作定语,应位于所修饰词语之后,即:作后置定语。
1.下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语:ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, failure, promise, way, wish等.
2.由only, first, last, next以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后,也常接不定式作定语。
例如:她放弃了出国的机会_____________________________________________________
谁是昨晚最后一个离开教室的?_______________________________________________
六、作状语
动词不定式作状语,可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例如:
We went there to see our grandparents.(_________)
I am very sorry to hear that.(__________)
She hurried home only to find her father dead.(__________)
⒈作目的状语
(1)不定式前可加in order或so as。如:
Bob took down my telephone number _________________________________(_以免忘记)
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句,如:
I stayed there ________________________________________(目的是为了看清将发生的事)
(2)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh ,pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:The question raised by the student is difficult _________________(answer).
The room is really comfortable to_________________( live) in.
常这样用的形容词有:comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:
①so…as to; such…as to
I'm not ______________________________put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'm not ______________________________ put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back _________________________________________(结果却发现母亲住院了)
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:
To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment to me.
常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的 话),to be sure(真的)等等。
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