管理学第9版-练习题-附答案-7.doc

Chapter 7 Foundations of PlanningTRUE/FALSE QUESTIONSWHAT IS PLANNING？1. Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished, not what is to be accomplished.2. If a manager refuses to write anything down or share his plans with others in the organization， he is not truly planning。WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN？3. Planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike.4. Even without planning， departments and individuals always work together, allowing organizations to move efficiently toward its goals。5. Research indicates that nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations。HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?6. Goals are the foundation of organizational planning.7. Most businesses have only one objective： to make a profit。8. Most companies goals can be classified as either strategic or financial.9. Strategic goals are related to the financial performance of the organization。10. An organizations real goals are often quite irrelevant to what actually goes on。11. Operational plans specify the details of how the achievement of the overall objectives is to be obtained.12. Long term used to mean anything over three years, but now it means anything over one year。13. Short-term plans are those covering one year or less.14. Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS15. An integrated network of goals is sometimes called a means-end chain。16. In MBO, or management by objectives, goals are often less welldefined, giving managers and employees more flexibility to respond to changing conditions。17. In a typical MBO program， successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performancebased rewards.18. An MBO program consists of four elements： loose goals， participative decision making, an explicit time period, and performance feedback.19. Studies of actual MBO programs find mixed results in terms of its effects on overall employee performance and organizational productivity.20. In times of dynamic environmental change， well-defined and precisely developed action plans enhance organizational performance.21. A well-designed goal should be measurable and quantifiable。22. Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainable even with exceptional effort。23. The second step in goal setting is to determine the goals individually or with input from others。24. The more the current plans affect future commitments, the longer the time frame for which managers should plan。CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING25. Planning is a waste of time in a volatile environment.26. A major argument against formal plans cant replace intuition and creativity.27. Its not enough for managers just to plan. They have to start setting goals.28. In todays dynamic business environment， successful firms recognize that planning is an ongoing process, not a tablet of rules cast in stone。29. Managers must be able to follow through with plans even if conditions change。30. Effective planning in dynamic environments means flattening the organizational hierarchy.MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSFor each of the following, choose the answer that most completely answers the question.WHAT IS PLANNING？ 31. Planning involves defining the organizations goals， establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals, and developing a comprehensive set of plans _。a. as to which shift will perform what work functionsb. to determine which manager will be in charge of which departmentc. for organizational work activitiesd. to establish the quality and quantity of work to be accomplished32. In informal planning， _ sharing of goals with others in the organization。a. everything may be written down, but there is little or no b. everything is written down， and there is c. nothing is written down， and there is little or no d. nothing is written down; therefore management does a lot of33. Informal planning is _。a. performed at the lowest organizational levelb. general and lacks continuityc. developed in informal meetings at a resortd. specific and is developed by the middle managers for their department34. In formal planning， _。a. specific goals covering a period of years are definedb. specific goals are developed and not writtenc. general goals are developed and not writtend. general goals covering an unspecified period of years are defined35. Formal planning involves which of the following aspects？a. developing general objectivesb. planning for up to one yearc. writing objectives d. distributing the plan to all managerial employeesWHY DO MANAGERS PLAN？36. The effect of planning on managers is that it forces them to _.a. react to changeb. consider the impact of change c. respond indiscriminatelyd. develop bureaucratic response models37. Planning cant eliminate change。 Managers plan in order to _。a. be prepared for when changes in management at the top occursb. anticipate changes and develop the most effective response to changesc. decide what needs to be done when a change in environments happend. have the appropriate materials available when the demand for them comes about38. Planning gives direction, reduces the impact of change, minimizes waste and redundancy, and _.a. establishes the workloads for each of the departmentsb. sets the basis used for promotion of individuals within the organizationc. eliminates departments that are not needed within the pland. sets the standards used in controlling39. Studies of performance in organizations that plan have reached _。a. somewhat negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planningb. generally mixed conclusions regarding the benefits of planningc. generally negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planning d. generally positive conclusions regarding the benefits of planning 40. The quality of the planning process and the appropriate implementation of the plans probably _.a. dont contribute to high performance nearly as much as the extent of planningb. contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planningc. contribute less to high performance than does the extent of planningd. should be studied more to factually determine which contributes the most41. In studies in which formal planning did not lead to higher performance， _.a. the external environment often was the culpritb. managements execution of the plans was most often the reason for failurec. employees implementation of the plans was the primary reason for failured. lack of communication was most often the reason for failure42. Governmental regulations， powerful labor unions， and other critical environmental forces constrain managers options and _ the impact of planning on an organizations performance。a. reduce b. increase c. neutralize d. dont affect HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN？43. Planning is often called the primary management function because it _。a. offers some basis for future decision makingb. creates the vision for the organizational members to work towardc. establishes the basis for all the other functionsd. sets the tone for the organizational culture44. Planning involves two important elements： _.a. goals and decisionsb. goals and plansc. plans and decisionsd. goals and actions45. Goals are objectives, _。a. and we use the two terms interchangeablyb. but goals are long term, and objectives are short termc. but goals are used by top management， and objectives are used by firstlevel managementd. but goals are used in reference to profits， and objectives are used in reference to production output46. Plans are documents that outline how goals are going to be met and _.a. define which department has what responsibilities needed to accomplish the goalsb. tell what materials and processes are necessary to fulfill the goalsc. identify how much capital is required to complete the goalsd. describe resource allocations， schedules， and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals47. _ can evaluate whether an organization is successful。a. A goal is the only measure thatb. No single measurec. Plans are also a measure that d. Stakeholders are the only groups that48. When managers emphasize one goal, they _.a. assure that the one goal will be accomplished even above the established levelb. ignore other goals that must also be reached if longterm success is to achievedc. make the goal easier to be accomplished by all organizational membersd. deny the organizational members the opportunity to grow and develop49. Using a single objective can result in unethical practices because managers _。a. want to satisfy the stockholders of the organizationb. will manipulate the outcomes reported to assure that the one objective is achievedc. will ignore other important parts of their jobs in order to look good on that one measured. will use overtime to accomplish that single objective without reporting it50. Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe are referred to as _。a. real goalsb. stated goalsc. committed goalsd. comprehensive goals51. The conflict in stated goals exists because organizations respond to a variety of _。a. stakeholdersb. external environmentsc. governmental regulationsd. stockholders52. Which of the following is true concerning an organizations stated objectives？a. Organizations issue identical objectives to all constituents.b. Organizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives。c. Organizations may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers， employees, and the public。 d. Stated objectives are usually in line with shortterm actions。53. What should a person do to understand what the real objectives of the organization are？a. observe organizational members actions b. attend a stockholders annual meetingc. read their annual reportd. watch television news reports54. The most common ways to describe organizational plans are by their frequency of use， time frame， specificity， and _.a. quantifiabilityb. flexibilityc. breadth d. attainability55. When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by _.a. breadthb. specificity c. frequency of used. depth56. When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by _。a. breadthb. specificityc. frequency of use d. time frame57. Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire organization， establish the organizations overall goals， and _。a. guide the organization toward maximizing organizational profits for the stockholdersb. attempt to satisfy all government regulations while maximizing profitsc. satisfy the organizations stakeholdersd. seek to position the organization in terms of its environment58. Operational plans specify the details of _。a. what department performs which functional process to accomplish the goalsb. what materials are required for which product being producedc. when each product model is to be producedd. how the overall goals are to be achieved59. Strategic plans tend to cover a longer period of time than operational goals and also _.a. cover a more narrow view of the organizationb. cover the financial projections of the planning periodc. cover a broader view of the organizationd. include an estimate of the profits that the stockholder can anticipate as dividends60. Strategic plans include the formulation of goals， whereas operational plans define ways to _.a. maximize the organizations profitsb. achieve the goalsc. minimize the number of employees that have to be laid off in hard timesd. provide the most efficient methods of production61. As organizational environments have become more uncertain, _。a. organizations are having to make longer term plansb. organizations have to resist the uncertainties to keep the plans moving toward the objectivesc. organizations have to request that the government pass more legislation restricting the amount of uncertaintyd. the definition of long term has changed62. Specific plans are clearly defined and _。a. allow managers to their interpret “flexibility on their ownb. leave no room for interpretationc. give the managers authority to interpret the plans for their area of responsibilityd. keep the stakeholders informed of the organizations objectives63. A state legislative plan that calls for a 2。45 percent increase in tobacco sales tax for the next 2 years would be considered what type of plan？a. strategicb. operationalc. specific d. directional64. Directional plans _。a. have clearly defined objectivesb. identify general guidelines c. meet the needs of a unique situationd. last for 35 years65. The flexibility inherent in directional plans must be weighed against the _。a. gain of a shorter planning period by specific plansb. gain of a longer planning provided by specific plansc. loss of clarity provided by specific plansd. loss of a shorter planning period by specific plans66. _ is a onetime plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation。a. A multipurpose planb. A strategic planc. An operational pland. A singleuse plan67. Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide _。a. general directions of how to accomplish an identifiable taskb. stakeholders with identifiable goals that the organization will always strive to achievec. the stockholders with identifiable goals that the organization will always strive to achieved. guidance for activities performed repeatedly68. A citys policy concerning skateboarding on downtown sidewalks that provides guidance for police action would be considered what type of plan？a. standing b. contingencyc. directionald. single-useESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS69. Goals provide the direction for all management decisions and actions and form the _。a. profit basis that the organizations will accomplish for stockholdersb. desired outcomes that the organizational members will achievec. basis for the sharing of profits with the employees at the endd. criteria against which actual accomplishments are measured70. With traditional goal setting, the goals are set at the top level of management and _。a. then they become the responsibility of first-line management to achieve the goalsb. then they are bro