GREArgument讲义及例文评价分析.pptx

GRE ARGUMENTCCCONGGMAIL.COM备考要点一一、熟悉题库，每道题都列提纲，找出逻辑漏洞，掌握其分析技巧；、熟悉题库，每道题都列提纲，找出逻辑漏洞，掌握其分析技巧；二、学会现成语言套路：尤其是开头段和结尾段；二、学会现成语言套路：尤其是开头段和结尾段；三、充分利用原题词汇和表达，加快写作速度；三、充分利用原题词汇和表达，加快写作速度；四、在上考场前至少练四、在上考场前至少练20篇文章；篇文章；整体结构整体结构第第1段段：归纳论点归纳论点、论据，、论据，指明逻辑指明逻辑漏洞漏洞第第2段段第第4（5）段：分类攻击各个段：分类攻击各个逻辑错误逻辑错误结尾段：总结归纳结尾段：总结归纳，可给出改进手可给出改进手段段ARGUMENT 破题Argument主体大段三要素；主体大段三要素；1.论点论点(assertion)：注意：注意信号词信号词 should,so,therefore,consequently,hence,thus2.论据论据(evidence)：多用调查、例子、数据等多用调查、例子、数据等3.假设假设(assumption)：阶：阶段性结论（往往隐式，也使用信号词段性结论（往往隐式，也使用信号词-therefore,thus,hence等）等）如何写开头段如何写开头段:Conclusion+concession+Evidence+EvaluationMerelybasedonunfounded/unreliable/fallaciousassumptionsandquestionable/dubious/suspicious/unsubstantiatedevidence,theauthor/arguerdrawstheconclusionthat_.Tosubstantiate(support)thisconclusion,thearguerpointsout/cites_asevidence.Inaddition(Additionally),theauthorindicates(infers)that_.Furthermore,hecitestheresultofarecentsurvey(_asatypicalexample)insupport(favor)ofthisrecommendationAtfirstglance(让步逻辑让步逻辑)/admittedly/concededly,thisargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressed.Fromthelogicalperspective,thisargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.Inthisargument,theauthorconcludes/makesaconclusionabout_that_.Tosupporthisconclusion,theauthorpointsoutthat_.Inaddition,heinfersthat_.Furthermore,thearguercites_asatypicalexampleinsupportofthisrecommendation.However,thesealonedonotconstitutealogicalargumentinfavorofitsconclusion.Failingtoprovidemoreconvincing/solidsupport,thisargumentisbynomeansinvulnerable/cogent.如何写正文段正文段数量：正文段数量：34段（每段攻击一个逻辑错误）段（每段攻击一个逻辑错误）如何写正文段段落之间保持连贯：段落之间保持连贯：善用善用逻辑连逻辑连接接结结构构Firstly,secondly,lastlyThemajorquestionableassumptionintheargument;Anotherproblematicpostulationis;Additionally,thearguergroundlesslypresumes正文段首句1.Thethreshold/firstandforemost/fundamentalproblemwiththisargumentisthat_.2.Anotherproblemthatweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthat_.3.Lastly,itisnecessarytopointoutthelastflawinvolvedinthisargumentthat_.正文段顺序攻击逻辑错误攻击逻辑错误攻击逻辑错误之间的顺序攻击逻辑错误之间的顺序顺序式攻击顺序式攻击主次式攻击主次式攻击让步式攻击（逻辑排列让步式攻击（逻辑排列）A不成立即便A成立，B也不成立即便A、B成立，C也不成立论证方式例证法：例证法：forexample，forinstance假设法假设法/假想推测法：假想推测法：ifitturnsoutthatthen/supposethen/itmightwellhappensthattheninthiscase/itisperfectlypossiblethat/perhapsthat/chancesarethatinthatcase/undersuchcircumstances/scenario,让步法：让步法：Whileitmaybetruethat/although_canbringabout/grantedthat/unfortunately/nevertheless/however/itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthat/itisnotguaranteedthat论证方式定义攻击法：定义攻击法：evidence中的关键概念不清或错误中的关键概念不清或错误反证法：假设反证法：假设argument正确，推出与正确，推出与argument提供数据相矛盾之提供数据相矛盾之结论结论无证据攻击：无证据攻击：argument未提供未提供evidence的来源，因此的来源，因此evidence自自然失去然失去credibility如何写结尾段Evaluation+Concession+possibleimprovement（虚拟语气（虚拟语气）Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiatehisclaimthat_,becausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrong(credible)supporttowhatthearguermaintains.Toconvincethe_,heneedstoprovidemoreconvincing/solid/reliable/substantialevidenceconcerning_.结尾段：POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTSTomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationin/withregardto_.Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat_.Iftheargumenthadincludedmoreinformation/morereliable_in/withregardto_,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughlyandlogicallyacceptable.SAMPLE-A1616、InsurveysMasonCityresidentsrankwatersports(swimming,boating,andfishing)amongtheirfavoriterecreationalactivities.TheMasonRiverflowingthroughthecityisrarelyusedforthesepursuits,however,andthecityparkdepartmentdevoteslittleofitsbudgettomaintainingriversiderecreationalfacilities.Foryearstherehavebeencomplaintsfromresidentsaboutthequalityoftheriverswaterandtheriverssmell.Inresponse,thestatehasrecentlyannouncedplanstocleanupMasonRiver.Useoftheriverforwatersportsis,therefore,suretoincrease.Thecitygovernmentshouldforthatreasondevotemoremoneyinthisyearsbudgettoriversiderecreationalfacilities.Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.ARGUMENT 1616、InsurveysMasonCityresidentsrankwatersports(swimming,boating,andfishing)amongtheirfavoriterecreationalactivities.TheMasonRiverflowingthroughthecityisrarelyusedforthesepursuits,however,andthecityparkdepartmentdevoteslittleofitsbudgettomaintainingriversiderecreationalfacilities.Foryearstherehavebeencomplaintsfromresidentsaboutthequalityoftheriverswaterandtheriverssmell.Inresponse,thestatehasrecentlyannouncedplanstocleanupMasonRiver.Useoftheriverforwatersportsis,therefore,suretoincrease.Thecitygovernmentshouldforthatreasondevotemoremoneyinthisyearsbudgettoriversiderecreationalfacilities.Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.ANALYSIS A:市民都喜欢玩水。（市民都喜欢玩水。（survey shows）-survey resultsB:市民现在很少到市民现在很少到M河玩水。河玩水。（rarely used）-factsC:市政府花在市政府花在M河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（little of budget）-factsD:市民埋怨市民埋怨M河水质不好。（河水质不好。（complaints）-factsE:州政府已经决定清洁州政府已经决定清洁M河流。（河流。（announced plans）-factsF：到：到M河玩水的人会变多。（河玩水的人会变多。（sure to increase）-assumptionG：市政府应该增加：市政府应该增加M河边的娱乐设施预算。河边的娱乐设施预算。(should)-claimCompany LogoANALYSIS A:市民都喜欢玩水。（市民都喜欢玩水。（survey shows）-survey resultsB:市民现在很少到市民现在很少到M河玩水。河玩水。（rarely used）-factsC:市政府花在市政府花在M河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（little of budget）-factsD:市民埋怨市民埋怨M河水质不好。（河水质不好。（complaints）-factsE:州政府州政府已经决定清洁已经决定清洁M河流。（河流。（announced plans）-factsF：到：到M河玩水的人会变多。（河玩水的人会变多。（sure to increase）-assumptionG：市政府市政府应该增加应该增加M河边的娱乐设施预算。河边的娱乐设施预算。(should)-claimSAMPLE RESPONSE P1Inthisargument,theargueradvocatesthatMasonCitygovernmentshoulddevotemoremoneyinthisyearsbudgettoriversiderecreationalfacilities.Althoughthisargumentmightseemreasonableatthefirstglance,itisinfactunconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausible.Thereasonsarestatedasfollows.SAMPLE RESPONSE P1Inthisargument,theargueradvocatesthatMasonCitygovernmentshoulddevotemoremoneyinthisyearsbudgettoriversiderecreationalfacilities.Althoughthisargumentmightseemreasonableatthefirstglance,itisinfactunconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausible.Thereasonsarestatedasfollows.题目既然要求指出其中的题目既然要求指出其中的assumptions，在第一段最好明确点出。，在第一段最好明确点出。SAMPLE RESPONSE P1Inthisargument,theargueradvocatesthatMasonCitygovernmentshoulddevotemoremoneyinthisyearsbudgettoriversiderecreationalfacilities.Althoughthisargumentmightseemreasonableatthefirstglance,itisinfactunconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausiblebecauseitencompassesunreliableassumptionsandtenuousconnectionsbetweenevidenceandconclusion,whicharelistedasfollows.P2Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatsurveysaboutresidentsfavoriterecreationalactivitiesaresufficient.However,unlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberofresidentsinMasonCityanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogaugetheresidentsfondnessofwatersportsgenerally.Forexample,iftherespondentsincludedonlythosewholikewatersports,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggestswimming,boatingandfishingarefavoriterecreationalactivities.Evenifthesurveyissufficient,thefavoriteofwatersportscouldbetheloveofwatchingsuchgamesonTVratherthanperformingbythemselves,whichwouldrendertheresultsofthesurveymeaningless.P2Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatsurveysaboutresidentsfavoriterecreationalactivitiesaresufficient.However,unlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberofresidentsinMasonCityanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogaugetheresidentsfondnessofwatersportsgenerally.Forexample,iftherespondentsincludedonlythosewholikewatersports,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggestswimming,boatingandfishingarefavoriterecreationalactivities.Evenifthesurveyissufficient,thefavoriteofwatersportscouldbetheloveofwatchingsuchgamesonTVratherthanperformingbythemselves,whichwouldrendertheresultsofthesurveymeaningless.有些细节的语言表述不清楚或不够精炼。有些细节的语言表述不清楚或不够精炼。P2Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatsurveysaboutresidentsfavoriterecreationalactivitiesaresufficient.However,unlessthesurveyssampledasufficientnumberofresidentsinMasonCityanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,theirresultsarenotreliabletogaugetheresidentsgeneralfondnessofwatersports.Forexample,iftherespondentsincludedonlythosewholikewatersports,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggestswimming,boatingandfishingaretheirfavoriterecreationalactivities.Evenifthesurveysarereliable,therespondentsmayonlylovewatchingsuchgamesonTVratherthanparticipatinginthem,whichwouldrendertheresultsofthesurveysmeaninglessinbackingthebuildingofrecreationalfacilities.P3Inthesecondplace,thearguerassumesthatthemorebudgetgovernmentdevotetoriversiderecreationalfacilities,thecleanertheMasonRiverwillbe.Nevertheless,thereisnoguaranteethatitisnecessarilythecase,andthearguerdoesnotsupplyanyevidencetoconfirmthisassumption.Itisquitepossiblethatthequalityandthesmelloftheriverswaterwilldeterioratewhentherecreationalfacilitiesarefrequentlyused,sothatthebudgettomaintainingriversiderecreationalfacilitiescouldevenbecounterproductivetothequalityofMasonRiver.P3Inthesecondplace,thearguerassumesthatthemorebudgetgovernmentdevotetoriversiderecreationalfacilities,thecleanertheMasonRiverwillbe.Nevertheless,thereisnoguaranteethatitisnecessarilythecase,andthearguerdoesnotsupplyanyevidencetoconfirmthisassumption.Itisquitepossiblethatthequalityandthesmelloftheriverswaterwilldeterioratewhentherecreationalfacilitiesarefrequentlyused,sothatthebudgettomaintainingriversiderecreationalfacilitiescouldevenbecounterproductivetothequalityofMasonRiver.严重错误：原文并没有明确这个严重错误：原文并没有明确这个assumption，自然对其辩驳也是，自然对其辩驳也是无用且错误的。无用且错误的。P4Lastbutnottheleast,eveniftheevidenceturnsouttosupporttheforegoingassumptions,thearguerjustsimplyassumesthatthedisappointingqualityoftheriverishorribleenoughforthegovernmenttodecidetodealwith/cleanupitinthisyearandneitheranyconclusiveevidencenoranyanecdotalevidenceisprovidedtoaffirmthisassumption.Itisreasonabletodoubtthatwhatthearguerassumeswillnothappeninreality.ItisjustaspossiblethatMasonCitygovernmentwoulddevotemoremoneytoriversidefacilitiesinseveralyearsafter.Toreachthecitedconclusion,thearguermustexplainwhynoneofthesealternativesisabletohappen.P4Lastbutnottheleast,eveniftheevidenceturnsouttosupporttheforegoingassumptions,thearguerjustsimplyassumesthatthedisappointingqualityoftheriverishorribleenoughforthegovernmenttodecidetodealwith/cleanupitinthisyearandneitheranyconclusiveevidencenoranyanecdotalevidenceisprovidedtoaffirmthisassumption.Itisreasonabletodoubtthatwhatthearguerassumeswillnothappeninreality.ItisjustaspossiblethatMasonCitygovernmentwoulddevotemoremoneytoriversidefacilitiesinseveralyearsafter.Toreachthecitedconclusion,thearguermustexplainwhynoneofthesealternativesisabletohappen.语言不够精炼、准确语言不够精炼、准确P4Lastbutnottheleast,eveniftheevidenceturnsouttosupporttheforegoingassumptions,thearguerhastilyassumesthatthestategovernmenttocleanuptheriversoon,forwhichnotashredofevidenceisprovided.ItisjustaspossiblethatMasonCitygovernmentwoulddevotemoremoneytoriversidefacilitiesinseveralyearsafter.Toreachthecitedconclusion,thearguermustexplainwhynoneofthesealternativesisabletohappen.语言不够精炼、准确语言不够精炼、准确P4Lastbutnottheleast,eveniftheevidenceturnsouttosupporttheforegoingassumptions,thearguerhastilyassumesthatthestategovernmenttocleanuptheriversoon,forwhichnotashredofevidenceisprovided.ItisjustaspossiblethatMasonCitygovernmentwoulddevotemoremoneytoriversidefacilitiesinseveralyearsafter.Toreachthecitedconclusion,thearguermustexplainwhynoneofthesealternativesisabletohappen.严重错误：题目中是严重错误：题目中是stategovernment打算投资改善水质，而非打算投资改善水质，而非citygovernment。P4Lastbutnottheleast,eveniftheevidenceturnsouttosupporttheforegoingassumptions,thearguerhastilyassumesthatthestategovernmenttocleanuptheriversoon,forwhichnotashredofevidenceisprovided.Itisreasonablylikelythatthestatecouncildoesnotconsiderthisanurgencyandwouldsettocleaningtheriverupseveralyearslater.P5Tosumup,thearguersargumentmentionedaboveisnotbasedonvalidevidenceorsoundreasoning,neitherofwhichisdispensableforaconclusiveargument.Inordertodrawabetterconclusion,thearguershouldreasonmoreconvincingly,citesomeevidencethatismorepersuasive,andtakeeverypossibleconsiderationintoaccount.P5Tosumup,thearguersargumentmentionedaboveisnotbasedonvalidandsufficientevidenceorsoundreasoning,neitherofwhichisdispensableforaconclusiveargument.Inordertodrawasolidconclusion,thearguershouldreasonmoreconvincingly,citemorereliableandpersuasiveevidence.Otherwise,itishighlyunlikelytopersuadethecitygovernmenttoallocateincreasedfunding.STRENGTHSembeddingofsubordinateelements effectivewordchoicescohesioncarefulorganization WEAKNESSESfailstoincludeseveralimportantassumptionsandimplicationsmisunderstandingofthetopicleadstounsupported assertions of its own unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument relativelylowlanguageefficiencyandaccuracySCORE:2-3SAMPLE ESSAY SCORE 6-P1WhileitmaybetruethattheMasonCitygovernmentoughttodevotemoremoneytoriversiderecreationalfacilities,theauthorsargumentdoesnotmakeacogentcaseforincreasedresourcesbasedonriveruse.Itiseasytounderstandwhycityresidentswouldwantacleanerriver,butthisargumentisrifewithholesandassumptions,andthus,notstrongenoughtoleadtoincreasedfunding.(67words)P2Citingsurveysofcityresidents,theauthorreportscityresidentsloveofwatersports.Itisnotclearabout,however,thescopeandvalidityofthatsurvey.Forexample,thesurveycouldhaveaskedresidentsiftheypreferusingtheriverforwatersportsorwouldliketoseeahydroelectricdambuilt,whichmayhaveswayedresidentstowardriversports.Thesamplemaynothavebeenrepresentativeofcityresidents,askingonlythoseresidentswholiveupontheriver.Thesurveymayhavebeen10pageslong,with2questionsdedicatedtoriversports.Wejustdonotknow.Unlessthesurveyisfullyrepresentative,valid,andreliable,itcannotbeusedtoeffectivelybacktheauthorsargument.(119words)P3Additionally,theauthorimpliesthatresidentsdonotusetheriverforswimming,boating,andfishing,despitetheirprofessedinterest,becausethewaterispollutedandsmelly.Whileapolluted,smellyriverwouldlikelycutdownonriversports,aconcreteconnectionbetweentheresidentslackofriveruseandtheriverscurrentstateisnoteffectivelymade.Thoughtherehavebeencomplaints,wedonotknowiftherehavebeennumerouscomplaintsfromawiderangeofpeople,orperhapsfromoneortwoindividualswhomadenumerouscomplaints.Tostrengthenhis/herargument,theauthorwouldbenefitfromimplementinganormedsurveyaskingawiderangeofresidentswhytheydonotcurrentlyusetheriver.(117words)P4Buildingupontheimplicationthatresidentsdonotusetheriverduetothequalityoftheriverswaterandthesmell,theauthorsuggeststhatarivercleanupwillresultinincreasedriverusage.Iftheriverswaterqualityandsmellresultfrompollutantswhichcanbecleaned,thismaybetrue.Forexample,ifthebadwaterqualityandsmellarecausedbypollutionbyfactoriesalongtheriver,thisconceivablycouldberemedied.Butifthequalityandodoraretheresultofsomenaturalmineraldepositsinthewaterorsurroundingrock,thismaynotbetrue.Therearesomebodiesofwaterwhichemitastrongsmellofsulfurduetothegeologicalfeaturesofthearea.Thisisnotsomethinglikelytobefixedbyacleanup.Consequently,arivercleanupmayhavenoimpactupon