高中英语读写任务主旨大意概括专项训练.doc

读写任务中的主旨大意怎么写？

▼评分标准

项目
分值
评 分 标 准
概

括
5
按照要求概括了全部主要信息, 没有增加与原文无关的信息, 没有照抄原文的句子。语言结构正确，行文规范。
4
基本按照要求概括了主要信息, 没有增加与原文无关的信息, 没有照抄原文的句子。语言结构正确，行文规范。
3
基本按照要求概括了主要信息, 但包含一些不相关的信息, 有个别句子抄自原文。语言结构基本正确，行文比较规范。
2
不能按照要求概括主要信息, 包含较多不相关的信息, 有较多的抄袭原。语言结构不够正确，行文不够规范。
0—1
没有按照要求概括主要信息, 基本是不相关的信息, 大多数句子都照抄原文。语言结构不正确，行文不规范。

▼概括的写作步骤：
1、 寻找关键词 文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就……”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。
2、 确定主题句 。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句）。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
3、 重构主题句 。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。
4、 重组支撑句 。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，是补充过程或者提供证据。
常见错误
应对策略
1.无法抓住短文要点
a．仔细阅读全文
b．找出关键词（句）
2.无法摆脱原文句子
c．理清关键词（句）间的关系
d．借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。

▼概要句型模板
1. According to the passage, we know that...
From the passage, we can know that...
2. In this passage, the writer / author states / thinks / argues that...
3. In this passage, the writer/author tells us about...
4. The story / passage is about...
5. The story / passage mainly tells us that...
6. It’s reported that.../As is reported in the passage, ...

▼以下是常见文体的主题句及主要内容的概括的方法和技巧。
（1）记叙文(Narration)：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who)，做了什么事(what),结果怎么样(how)等五要素。其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。
①叙事性的记叙文(Narration)。
叙事性的记叙文的主要内容的概括主要抓住记叙文的几个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件和影响或后果。
②写人的记叙文（Description）。
写人的记叙文总结要点主要抓住人物的主要特点或事迹，划出关键词（所谓关键词是文中反复出现的体现主题或关联的词）。

（2）议论文（Argumentation）。
找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。

（3）说明文（Exposition）
抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。（所谓关键句主要是一些主题句即中心句）
对现象分析型说明文，要找出“现象”“造成这种现象的原因”“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。

(4) 新闻报道类（News report/ News Story）以及公告类（Announcement）。
中心内容往往在第一段。写概要时注意要找出中心句，抓住关键词。

（5）寓言故事类（Moral）。
概括寓言故事的要点包括两个部分，一是寓言故事的内容梗概，二是它说明了什么道理。

（6）发言稿：通常会很明确地表明观点或态度，写概要时要从发言者的言语中明确作者的态度，把握作者的写作目的。或先概括每段大意，进而归纳全文主旨。
因此：辨认文章体裁，快速找出中心句和关键词；要求写什么就总结什么。

▼教师寄言：建议大家在试卷上标注出关键词，中心句，并在草稿纸上先起草稿，修改后，再抄在试卷上, 确保卷面整洁与合适的字数（一般为3行）。

案例分析——★Practice 1：
Learning to study is not difficult. The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn. It doesn’t mean that you must always like the subject. It does mean, however, that you must be willing to learn whatever is necessary. Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later. Knowing mathematical facts will be useful in your whole life. Knowing how to spell words makes any kind of writing easier. Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be attractive when you begin to work on it. Learning things can be fun if you can try your best.
Here’s some advice for you. Have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions. Have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dictionary, paper, a pen and books. Be sure you understand what you should learn before you start. Read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things. When memorizing, find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing. Check your homework after you finish it. Never forget the importance of review and preview.
Summary

分析：该短文分为两个自然段，第一段的第一个句子提出观点：Learning to study is not difficult. 第一段的其余部分都是在阐述分析该观点的前提条件。于是，在这一部分提炼主要意思并用"if"连接起来就是第一自然段的段落大意：The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. 第二段非常明显，第一个句子即是本段的主题句。其余部分是具体内容，应删减。但应提醒学生不可照搬，应该用自己的语言换一种说法，如：He also gives us advice on how to learn well.
然后把两个自然段的大意归并一起，得出短文的大意：The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. He also gives us advice on how to learn well.
最后，在概括准确、全面的标准上，让学生互相交流，感受多种表达，比如：In the author’s opinion, if you are willing to learn and try your best, you’ll find learning not difficult but fun. And some suggestions are put forward to help us to learn well.

案例分析——★Practice 2：
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I needed to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it — good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The Students’ Union organizes various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way ··· it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.
[写作内容]
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是 “ Preparing Myself for College Life ”，内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；
2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1)、对中学生活的感受；
(2)、理想的大学生活；
(3)、中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
Summary

分析：因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句：第一段：The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段：Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段：One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括：
答案：In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus. (37 words)

练习：
Passage 1
Many people go to school for an education. They learn languages, history, geography, physics, chemistry and maths. Others go to school to learn a skill so that they can make a living. School education is very important and useful. Yet no one can learn everything from school. A teacher, no matter how much he knows, can not teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher’s job is to show his students how to learn. He teaches them how to read and how to think. Much more is to be learn outside school by the students themselves.
It is always more important to learn to study by oneself than to learn every word from the book. Great scientists, such as Einstein, Newton and Galileo, didn’t get everything from school. But they were all so successful. The reason for their success is that they knew how to study. They worked hard all their lives, wasting not a single moment. They would ask many questions as they read and they did thousands of experiments.
Summary

概括范例一：Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice.
概括范例二：Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice.

Passage 2 （记叙文）
I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of our eyes. Later on, unlike other girls, I volunteered to go water-skiing alone, I put on the life jacket, got on the motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.
The lake seemed broad and endless, I was so thrilled to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my motorboat. Then, after some time, I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me.
I didn’t know where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse, it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but find no way back. It was useless for me to cry or shout for help.
I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible things. After floating on the water helpless and hopelessly for a long time, suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon, a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the deck and asked me if I was hurt, I couldn’t say a word but cried out in my father’s arms.
Summary

Key: Once the writer was on a trip to a lake where she went to water-skiing alone. she was too excited and enjoyed herself that soon she got lost. Fortunately, her father came to rescue her.(35 words)

Passage 3 （夹叙夹议）
Everyone has an experience they would rather forget. Some are embarrassing, some are moving, and some teach us a lesson. Here is a story of mine.
Last Sunday I went fishing. After setting up my fishing rod（钓鱼竿） with bait（鱼饵）, I sat down on the bank of the lake. But two hours later, I didn’t catch any fish. I got very angry and began to pack up my stuff（收拾东西）, preparing to go back home.
Just then, I saw an old man sitting near me. To my surprise, his basket was full of fish, so I went over to him, wanting to know why. “Excuse me, but how long have you sat here?” I asked. “About four hours,” he answered.
“Four hours?” I couldn’t believe my ears. “Yes. It’s very important to be patient,” the old man said. “ Don’t consider fishing a tiring sport. Just enjoy it.”
Suddenly, I understood what he said. I must learn to be patient. Then I sat there and waited for fish patiently. I felt a fish touch the bait, but I didn’t move and waited for the right moment to reel it in（卷收钓鱼线）. At last, I caught it. This made me very happy. In the following six hours, I caught over 10 fish.
On my way home, I thought what had happened on the bank. I gradually realized that the secret of success was patience.
Summary

Key: In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of fishing and was taught an unforgettable lesson by an old man. He knew the importance of patience and finally got some fish.(33 words）

Passage 4 （记叙文）
（09年高考题）Jackie is perhaps the most easily annoyed koala(考拉)at the Featherdal Wildlife Park in southern Australia．All the koalas there are unhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activities and someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off．That’s right--sleep it off．The average koala is always half asleep because it feeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy．
The reason Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is that they can be hugged and photographed by tourists，who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience．Whatever department in the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make the practice illegal，which is understandable．How would you react，my friend，if you were trying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature smelling of grass kept waking you?
【写作内容】
1.以约30个词概括这段短文的内容；
2.然后以约120词就“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照”进行讨论，内容包括：
Summary

Key: The passage narrates that koalas who are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep are unhappy and complaining for tourists’ taking photos. The author appeals to us to be more kind to animals.

Passage 5 （说明文）
You may not be very familiar with “ecotourism”— a new term in today’s tourism
industry — but in an era if growing environmental consciousness, it is not too difficult for us to imagine and work out the meaning of this new form of holiday.
Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique flowers, plants, animals and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is considered as a kind of responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration. Therefore, programs involving the conservation and preservation of some natural and cultural sites also form a part of ecotourism.
Ecotourism is developing at great speed. According to a report by the World Tourism Organization, ecotourism in recent years has enjoyed an annual growth of about 5% worldwide. Over 80 activities have been listed for ecotourism, such as bird watching, hiking, diving, photography, mountaineering and participating in various kinds of local cultural events.
Although big cities are still the major places that absorb tourists in our society today, it looks like some smaller towns and rural areas rich in ecological, cultural and historical resources may well become the new destination for people to visit tomorrow.
Summary