科索沃战争和信息化.doc

从海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争这几场局部战争中，我们可以清楚地看出，战争形态正由机械化战争向信息化战争转变.信息化战争是一种战争形态，是在信息时代信息化军队运用信息化武器装备在陆、海、空、天、电等全维空间中，以信息战为主导，展开的一体化的战争今天，我们就来看看科索沃战争的信息化特点。一、“五维”战争,“五线”攻击如果说20世纪上叶的二次世界大战,使战争完成了由陆海联接的平面模式向陆海空三维立体模式转变的话，那么海湾战争尤其是科索沃战争则是一种“陆海空天电五维一体的多维作战新模式，它使传统的三维战场空间发生了根本的变化。主要表现是：作战空间既急剧扩大，又高度浓缩;战场平面维可以遍及地球任何一个角落,战场高度维已突破低层空间继尔向外层空间延伸；多种打击力、作战手段、作战形式、毁灭方式，几乎可以同时作用和强加在一个较小的作战空间甚至一点上。这样,分布在广阔空间的多种类型的武器装备，可在特定空间内，形成瞬时巨大毁灭性的打击力。同时,全新空间又引入了高科技对抗，例如：计算机对抗在“网络空间”中展开、电子战在“电磁空间里角逐、新概念武器（隐形、生物兵器，集束、贫铀、石墨炸弹)在无形空间中逞威等等。纵观这场战争的全过程，全维战贯穿始终,其基本程式是：空中侦察开场，50颗卫星为其服务；电子干扰介入,南联盟信息遮蔽，无法有效组织指挥；接着巡航制导、远程打击、战机凌空、轮翻轰炸。科索沃空袭中，以美国为首的北约看似狂轰滥炸,实为密谋精炸，是在“五环目标理论的指导下展开的。所谓“五环论即是把空袭目标分为“五条线”：神经线、生命线、交通线、心理线和作战线。第一线，摧毁神经线。国家指挥中心，包括国家政治领导中心、军事指挥中心、C 3I系统和防空预警系统，这是一个国家的核心。这次空袭，北约为削弱南领导层的政治能力，先后对南总统府、国防部和内务部大楼包括C3I系统，多次实施高强度打击，使得南C 3I系统和防空设施趋势瘫痪，丧失反击能力。第二线，扼杀生命线。经济是一个国家的命脉，国家政权离开了经济的支持，就成了无源之水无本之木。空袭中、南的电力、化工、炼油、供水、军工成了轰炸的重要目标。南全国1050万人口中至少有一半人受断水断电的直接影响，从而加剧南的困难和矛盾。第三线，切断交通线。打击交通基础设施，切断连接作战部队和战争补给的纽带.空袭中，南共有包括12条铁路线、50座桥梁、5条公路、8个民用机场及20家医院被毁，基本上造成了大部交通干线中断。第四线，打击心理线。瓦解国民精神作为新的打击要素列入了北约的打击目标群.北约采取多种形式和手段，对南国民实施心理战术，企图瓦解民心，迫使南政府屈服。战争一开始就展开了大规模的宣传战，向战区派出“飞行广播电台”（E C-13 0飞机）,在一万米以上高空,用南国家电台和电视台频率频道，用塞语播放心战信息，并向南领土上空投下数百万张传单，造谣惑众，制造恐怖，扰乱民心,减杀斗志，企图达到不战自降目的.第五线，消灭作战线。科战中，虽然南军队有生力量伤亡并不大，但其作战指数较高的作战单元受到了重创，其后果直接影响到南军队的战斗力，使得南武装只有招架之招而无攻击之力。综上所述，可以看出北约的“五线”攻击目标,的确在南空袭中起到了至关重要的作用。可以肯定的说:现在乃至今后的高技术战争将面临在外层空间卫星监控技术引导下，以争夺低层空间和浅层海域，继而向外层空间和深层海域为主要内容的军事革命,“五维”战争和“五线攻击,是这场革命的主导。二、高技术战争,无“网不胜科战是继海湾战争后规模最大、持续时间最长、信息化程度最高的一场局部战争。战争的特点是战场的网络化，作战的核心是争夺制信息权.如果说机械化战争是打钢铁，信息化战争则是打网络.谁控制网络，谁掌握信息,谁就拥有战场的主导权。通过网络，作战信息将实现获取、传输和处理一体化,作战空间将实现多维一体化,作战力量将实现合成一体化，作战行动将实现协调一体化.从空袭中我们不难发现,信息战是以信息渗透的方式决定火力和机动力的分配、引导、协调和控制，使信息化的武器有了人的一些思维功能,从而造成战斗力的巨增，极大地增加了作战效能，并使战争出现了许多新特点。一是战场透视透明化。北约动用了50多颗空间卫星，其中有美国2颗“长 曲棍球”雷达成像侦察卫星,3颗KH11型图像和传输卫星,3颗能确保得到清晰图像的轻型卫星。基本上实现了对南昼夜24小时的全时空监控，扫除传统战场上的“迷雾”，减少了盲目性和不确定性.二是作战力量节约化。由于战场透明，作战目标清晰，作战力量的使用可以精确化，最大限度减少力量浪费。据统计越战中轰炸摧毁一个典型目标，要投弹176枚,而科空袭摧毁一个典型目标，平均只要投下一枚炸弹。就空袭效果而言，一架F-117隐形飞机出动一次，相当于二战中B17轰炸机出动4500架次、投弹9000枚。这次攻击南诺维萨德大桥只用了一枚巡弹，而攻击中国使馆的5枚导弹全都命中。三是指挥通信实时化。北约利用其高效灵敏的网络指挥机构，对参战的多国部队实施统一指挥与协调，北约的各级司令部也实时对南情报指挥通信和抗干扰能力进行分析研究，及时向联合司令部指挥提出策略，保证了整体指挥准确高效迅速一致。四是协同作战一体化。这次空袭北约首次使用了“初期联合空战中心能力系统、“北约综合数据传输系统和“海上指挥控制系统”，使陆基、舰载和机载指挥控制系统、通信系统互相配合，将战场指挥、控制、通信、情报以及攻击和评估连成一个整体，从而对作战的空间、时间、进程进行有效控制。两个月来,北约共出动飞机约32000架次,投弹13000吨，共有30多种机种参加战斗，基本上没有出现偏差.由于对南实施的是一场“全维信息战”，导致南大多预警雷达“致盲”、通信设备“致聋，整个战势出现一边倒的局面,使得北约在整个“联盟力量”行动中一直占据主动权。透视这场战争得到一点启发：今天战场的优势已不在是看谁火力强，而是看谁先发现对方，谁比谁反映快和谁比对方打得准。作战成败不在仅仅取决于钢铁的数量、弹药的当量等物能对比，而是首先取决于谁以较为先进的数字化技术手段，最多最快最准的去获取和利用战场信息,有效的控制和释放战场物能。信息已成为决定战争胜负的第一要素,制信息权是高技术战场的第一制高点，智能代替体能、网络代替阵地将是现在乃至今后战争的主导，战争无“网”而不胜。再来看看战争中的高科技武器。Natos use of graphite bombs to put out of action most of Serbias electricity supplies is a reminder that the conflict in Yugoslavia is not just being fought with precision-guided weapons。When graphite bombs detonate, they produce clouds of carbon fibres that cover a substantial area and short-circuit power systems.They belong to a class of weapons known as area-impact munitions.Several other types are already being deployed by Nato forces， and Serbia has similar weapons.Many of these weapons may leave behind unexploded components that can be as dangerous as antipersonnel land mines。The main areaimpact weapon used by the RAFs Harriers is the BL755 cluster bomb produced by Hunting. Each bomb contains 147 grenade-sized bomblets that disperse over an area the size of a football pitch Each bomblet detonates， producing up to 2,000 high-velocity shrapnel fragments The effect is similar to a large number of miniature nail bombs exploding simultaneously The US Air Force has a similar weapon, the CBU87B, that contains 202 bomblets. More than 10,000 of these were dropped during the 1991 Gulf WarOne problem with these cluster bombs is that many of the bomblets can fail to explode， especially if they hit soft ground.Many thousands of unexploded bomblets were left behind after the Gulf War in 1991, and there were frequent casualties in Iraq and Kuwait for months afterwards.In Kosovo， American A10 anti-tank aircraft are being widely deployed.These planes fire another type of weapon - depleted uranium armourpiercing shells.These are not areaimpact weapons as such， but there are reports that the residual matter left behind can cause long-term health problems among people in areas where they have been used.Multiplelaunch rocket systemThe Multiple-Launch Rocket System (MLRS） is being deployed in Albania， close to the Kosovo border. Each MLRS launcher carries 12 missiles that can be ripple-fired over a range of about 20 miles within a minute Each of the missiles is loaded with bomblets， and a single salvo delivers nearly 8，000 submunitions over an area of at least 45 acres Every bomblet explodes into a hail of anti-personnel shrapnel fragmentsFuelair bombsThe US air force also has fuel-air explosive bombs that are more devastating than conventional bombs。 These are the successors to napalm， though typically they cover a wider area and spread out more evenly There is also a very powerful ”slurry bomb weighing nearly seven tons and capable of producing blast effects of up to 1,000 psi, not much less than a small tactical nuclear weapon So far, neither fuelair explosives nor slurry bombs have been used in the Kosovo conflictSerbian arms manufacturersArea impact munitions are not restricted to Nato， although Serbian forces have not yet used them against Nato targets。But Serbian arms manufacturers have plenty of experience of producing cluster bombs, and several different types are reported to be deployed。They also specialise in very powerful land mines that can be used to destroy armoured formations. One of the most remarkable of these is an array of fuelair explosive mines.These are placed in the ground over an area of at least 1,000 square yards. and are designed to detonate together, with each mine ejecting a fuel mixture vertically to form a single aerosol cloud that explodes in a single massive blast。This weapon was advertised openly in defence magazines in the mid-1990s, with the claim that it produced an effect as damaging as a 1kiloton nuclear blast。Risks to civiliansGraphite and cluster bombs have already been used in the Kosovo conflict, and antitank planes with DU weapons have been deployed.If the conflict escalates further - especially if there is a major ground war then it is wellnigh certain that other area-impact weapons will be used.They will add greatly to the devastation caused by the war, and increase the risk of further civilian casualties。Paul Rogers is a member of the Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford.我们从科索沃战争中可以思考今后战争的发展趋势：（一） 在战争形态上,将突破传统战争的界限 （二） 作战效能上，将把常规作战效能推到极限 (三)在武器使用上,大量使用新概念武器。(四) 军队向小型化、一体化和智能化方向发展五)对抗空间上，将从低维空间向高维空间转移，太空争夺将空前激烈