英语语法图解(老师).doc

英语重点语法网络图
一．名词（结合book 1 第18页-20页和38-40 页复习）
I. 名词的种类：
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法则列表如下：
规则
例词
1
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
两者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 名词的所有格（在句中表示所有关系 ）：
所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词通常省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１
表示时间
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time, the play’s plot
7
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

二．形容词和副词（ 结合book 1第62-67页复习）
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成对的形容词可以后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词
数词
性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格
序数词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名词
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6
名词+形容词
world-famous
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类：
1
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地点副词
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
3
方式副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
关系副词
when, where, why

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
★表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

 三．冠词（分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词, 结合book 1第88 页复习）
I. 不定冠词的用法：
1
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
3
表示“每一”相当于every，one
We study eight hours a day.
4
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
5
用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6
用于固定词组中
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
8
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠词的用法：
1
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
2
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4
用于乐器前面
play the violin, play the guitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
8
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前
the United States, the munist Party of China, the French
9
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The pass was invented in China.
10
在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s
11
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
12
用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 零冠词的用法：
1
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?
3
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
7
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.

四．代词（ 结合book 1第113页复习：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1
人称代词
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2
物主代词
形容词性
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such, some
5
疑问代词
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6
关系代词
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7
不定代词
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点：
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

五．介词
I. 介词分类：
1
简单介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2
合成介词
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3
短语介词
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4
双重介词
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5
分词转化成的介词
considering(就而论), including
6
形容词转化成的介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别：
1
表示时间的in, on, at
at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关
2
表示时间的since, from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始
3
表示时间的in, after
in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
4
表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外
5
表示“在…上”的on, in
on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
6
表示“穿过”的through, across
through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关
7
表示“关于”的about, on
about指涉及到，on指专门论述
8
between与among的区别
between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9
besides与except的区别
besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首
10
表示“用”的in, with
with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
11
as与like的区别
as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似
12
in与into区别
in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

六．动词的时态与语态：
I. 动词的时态（ 结合book 1第6-11课课后语法复习）：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：

现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般
ask / asks
asked
shall/will ask
should/would ask
进行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
shall/will have asked
should/would have asked
完成进行
have/has been asking
had been asking
shall/will have been asking
should/would have been asking
2.一般将来时的表达方式：

将来时
用法
例句
1
will/shall+动词原形
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
My sister will be ten next year.
2
be going to+动词原形
含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight.
3
be + doing 进行时表示将来
go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
4
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
5
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6
一般现在时表示将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
时态练习题
1) Our team ____every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play.
A) was winning B) has won C) had won D) wins
2) He ____for three years. A)has joined the army B) has been in the army
C) has been serving in the army D) joined the army
3) The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, ____more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows
4) The pany ____a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.
A) is promised B) is promising C) has been promising D) promised
5) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone____.
A) rings B) was ringing C) rang D) hand rung
6) Mr. James ____a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement.
A) is driving B) drove C) has driven D) drives
7) I ____a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice.
A) was hearing B) heard C) was listening to D) listened to
8) He ____novels, whenever his wife goes shopping.
A) is reading B) reads C) has read D) has been reading
9)I am not sure whether tomorrow he ____the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately.
A) attend B) attends C)will attend D) attended
10) I ____that she will pass the final examination.
A) expect B) have expected C) had expected D) was expected
11) They thought it ____fun to take the car.
A) can be B) would be C) will be D) has been
12) She reminded me that Bangkok ____the capital of Thailand.
A)is B)was C)had been D)have been

1．现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
A) 现在完成时所表示的动作虽然在过去业已发生，但必须与现在相关；一般过去时所表示的动作仅表明 在过去某一时间发生，与现在无关。例如：
1）I have seen the film．（与现在相关，现已知道电影内容）。我已看过这部电影。
2）I saw a film yesterday．（与现在无关，只是昨天做的一件事。）我昨天看了一部电影。
B) 两种时态需用的时间状语亦有所不同。现在完成时的时间状语必须与现在相关，而一般过去时的时间状语与现在无关。现在完成时常用的时间状语有：since，ever since，so far，up to now，already， yet，in the past few years，for a long time，from then on等。一般过去时常用的时间状语有：three years ago，in 1960，in the past，just now， yesterday，last night／week，when he was six years old等。

2. 怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时 (关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解)
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。简单的比较如下：
（1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：
We have heen cleaning the classroom．（a） We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教 室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。
（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：
They have been widening the road．（a） They have widened the road．（b）
（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。
（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：
My mother has been tea