1、八年级英语下册语法知识复习1. should 情态动词,应该,应当,用于询问,提出建议,或表达职责和义务。如:What should I do? You should have a talk with your parents。could 也可以提出建议,比较委婉.如: You could write him a letter。could还用于礼貌地请求,如:Could you please clean your room? 否定句式:Could you please not do sth?其他常用情态动词:must必须,have to必须,不得不,may可能,可以,can能,会,可能,可以n
2、eed需要。 情态动词+动词原形作谓语。2. 非谓语动词形式(一)动词不定式结构:to+动词原形或不带to。否定:not+to do或not do句法功能:1)主语:常用it作形式主语,不定式为真正的主语:It is +形容词+for sb。 to do sth.It is important to keep fit。 =To keep fit is important.2)宾语:(1)直接宾语:想,喜欢,希望:want, like, love, would like, hope, expect; 决定同意拒绝开始学习:decide, agree, refuse, begin, start,
3、learn, 需要计划帮助提供:need, plan,help,offer+ to do(划线的动词还可以接doing) 如:Ill help to clean up the city parks。(宾语)疑问词(what, who, which, where, when ,how,)+to do 作宾语I dont know what to say. 我不知道说什么。(2)宾补:tell,ask,want,wish,allow,invite,help,encourage,teach等+ sb. to do (hope不能接sb。 to do)She asked me to say sorry
4、。 她让我道歉。不带to的不定式作宾补:使役动词make/let/have sb. do(3)用it作形式宾语:I thinkfind、+it+adj。+to do sth 如:I find it hard to learn English。3) 定语:放名词或代词后,如:a good way to do, the best time to do, a place to do, something to drink/eat。 4) 状语: 无固定搭配,常在完整句子后表目的。如:You could visit the sick kids to cheer them up.你可以看望生病的孩子来使
5、他们高兴起来。5)表语:用在系动词后。My dream is to become a scientist。(二)、动名词doing1). 只接doing不接to do的动词:finish, enjoy, keep, practice, mind, consider, put off, give up, feel like, be busy, have problems/difficulty/trouble/fun , cant stop +doing 2). 接to do与接doing意不同:stop/continue to do停下来/接着去做另一事stop/continue doing停止
6、/继续做某事, remember/ forget to do记得/忘记去做某事,remember/forget doing记得/忘记做了某事try to do努力去做某事 try doing 尝试做某事3)。接do与doing 意不同:感官动词see, hear, watch,notice + sb. do看见/听见/观看/注意到某人做了某事。 see, hear, watch, notice +sb。 doing 看见/听见/观看/注意到某人正在做某事。4)。 表示户外活动:go shopping, go skating 去溜冰, go fishing, go boating, go cam
7、ping, go hiking, go bike riding, go swimming.4). 动名词作主语时,谓语看作单数。如:Listening to music makes me happy.5)。 在介词后动词要加ing, 即介词+doing。如:Thanks for helping me.3.发出请求和请求允许的句型Could you (please)+动词原形+、?请你、好吗? (发出请求)肯定回答:Yes, I can. Yes, sure. No problem. 否定回答:Sorry, I cant。 Im afraid I cant.Could I +动词原形+、? 我可
8、以、吗? (请求允许)肯定回答:Yes, you can. Yes, please. 否定回答:Sorry, you cant。 Im afraid you cant。以could开头的表示礼貌地发出请求或请求允许的疑问句,简略回答不能用couldcouldnt,要用cancant4。过去进行时:表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。1),结构:肯定句=主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句=主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句=Was/Were+主语+doing+其它2),时间状语:last night, at this time of yester
9、day等;或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用3),when 当、的时候,引导的时间状语从句可用一般过去时或过去进行时;可以和非延续性动词连用(begin to rain非延续性),表示点时间;也可以和延续性动词连用,表示段时间。I was waiting for the bus when it began to rain heavily. 当开始下大雨的时候,我正在等公交车.When I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain heavily。当我正在等公交车时,开始下大雨了。while 当。时,引导的从句只能用进行时态,和延续性
10、动词连用,表示段时间。当复合句的主句和从句都用过去进行时,连词只能用while不能用when。如:My mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading a newspaper.可归纳为以下主从时态结构:过去进行时+when+一般过去时一般过去时+when/while+过去进行时过去进行时+while+过去进行时4)主从句判断方法:连词引导的是从句,另一个就是主句。主从位置不限定前后,若从句在前,中间用逗号隔开。主句从句各有自己的主谓结构。5. 连词与状语从句: 1)until 直到。用于肯定句,与延续性动词连用;not 、until
11、, 直到、才,否定句中 ,引导时间状语从句。如: I studied until midnight。 = I didnt stop studying until midnight.2)so that 以便、为了,引导目的状语从句,且从句常含有情态动词(can, could, should等)You should talk to him so that you can say youre sorry。3) so+形容词+that从句,如此、以至于,引导结果状语从句。 当主句和从句的主语一致,且从句是肯定句时,so that与enough to可转换; 当从句时否定句时,so that与too t
12、o可转换He is so strong that he can carry the box。 = He is strong enough to carry the box. 他那么壮,能搬动这个箱子。He is so weak that he cant carry the box。 =He is too weak to carry the box. 他那么弱,搬不动这个箱子。such+(a/an)+形容词+名词+that从句, 如:This is such an interesting book that I cant put it down。 4)as soon as一、就、引导时间状语从句
13、。谈论将来的事,时态要“主将从现”。如:I will call you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你打电话。谈论过去的事,主从都用过去时。 5)unless连词,除非,如果不=if not 。 时态符合“主将从现You will be late unless you hurry up. = If you dont hurry up, you will be late。你将迟到,除非你快点。 6)although=though=even though,尽管,即使,虽然。引导让步状语从句,与but 不能连用。7) whether or 不管、还是, 引导让步状语从句.
14、6. 数词知识:1)1000以上的基数词的读法,从右开始数,每隔三位数加一个逗号:第一个逗号thousand(千),第二个million(百万),第三个billion(十亿) nine million, six hundred thousand 注意:hundred后通常加and,十位数和个位数之间加连字符-,小数点读作point,小数点后的数一 一读。2)确数:基数词+hundredthousandmillion 。.百/千/百万(前有数字后无s与of)如:four thousand概数:hundredsthousandsmillions +of 数以百计/。.(前无数字后加s与of)3)分
15、数的表达方式:分子分母=基数词序数词(当分子大于1,分母加s)three quarters=three fourths 四分之三7. 形容词、副词的等级:原级:只描述一个人或事物,原级前可用very,quite, so, really等修饰。as+adj或adv。原级+as: 和、一样,否定结构:not asas+adj或adv.原级+as: 不如8。 现在完成时(一):表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. 常用时间状语有:already已经(肯定句中) yet已经(用于疑问句句末)还(用于否定句句末),just刚刚,ever曾经never从来没有,before以前(用于句末)
16、,so far到目前为止,once一次如:I have already finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.(完成作业对现在看电视的影响)(二)表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。常用时间状语有:for+一段时间,since+过去某时刻/ ago/过去时从句,in the last/past years, how long。 必须与延续性动词连用,如:I have had this bike for three years。现在完成时结构:1)主语+ have / has +过去分词+其他(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have
17、)过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同:+ed;不规则动词P136.havehas been (to)+地点 去过某地(已回来,)havehas gone ( to) +地点 去了某地(未回来,)havehas been (in) +地点(还在某地,和时间段连用)(当地点是副词时,介词省略).如:I have been to Beijing twice。我去过北京两次.Where is she? She has gone to Beijing.她去哪了?她去了北京。She has been in Beijing for two weeks。 她在北京呆了两个星期了。现在完成时和一般
18、过去时的区别:1、与现在是否有联系:一般过去时只强调过去发生的动作,现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响。I read this book yesterday (只强调读这个动作) I have read this book。 I learn something new now. (读这个动作对现在的影响:学到一些新东西)2、一般过去时与过去的具体时间连用,如:yesterday, last year, when, two days ago等。现在完成时则不能。9、Whats the matter with sbsth? 某人或某物怎么了? 询问问题的其他常用句型:Whats the trou
19、bleproblem with sb?Whats wrong with sb? What happened to sb? 某人发生了什么事?10、健康问题的表达:1)havehas a coldfevercough (感冒,发烧,咳嗽)2)havehas a stomachachetoothacheheadache(胃疼,牙疼,头疼)3)havehas a sore backthroat (背疼,嗓子疼)4 ) head and neck hurt 头和脖子疼(P2)5) hurt yourself 伤到你自己(P4)hurt his back伤到他的背(p5)6)cut oneself身体部
20、位 cut myself切到自己(P2)7)have a heart problem心脏病 have problems breathing 呼吸困难 8)get hit 被打 get sunburned 被晒伤11、不规则复数:foot-feet toothteeth Japanese-Japanese Chinese Chinese 12. too much 太多,可以修饰动词和不可数名词;much too 太,修饰形容词, too many 太多,修饰可数名词复数.13。enough修饰名词,可前可后,water enough=enough water足够的水;修饰形容词需后置,big e
21、nough足够大14。用an 表示“一个的词:X-ray, 8yearold boy, accident, alarm, amusement park, island, interesting book, honest student等元音开头的词(不是看元音字母)15. with 介词 带有,具有。如:hot tea with honey 反义:without没有,不带有:without eating breakfast16. because of+名词、代词、动词ing; because+ 从句17. 反身代词:单数:myself, yourself ,himself, herself,
22、itself 复数:ourselves, yourselves, themselves常见短语:hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 by oneself 独自 enjoy oneself 玩的开心18。 a few, few 后接可数名词的复数,a little, little后接不可数名词;a few几个,a little有点儿,表示肯定意义,few,little 很少、几乎没有,表示否定意义。19。 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 used to do sth 过去常常做某事I used to stay up late, but Im used to going
23、to bed early.我过去常常熬夜,但是现在习惯早睡了.20。 lonely 孤独的(有感情色彩)alone单独,独自(无感情色彩)feel lonely; live alone21。动副短语接代词时,代词要放中间,如: give it/them up22。 So +助动词/be/情态动词+ 主语 “某人也一样” 如:I often exercise。 So _ he.Neither +助动词/be/情态动词+ 主语“某人也不”23. 区分:neither 两者都不,either 两个中任一个,both两个都,all三个或以上都.用neither of或either of 作主语时,谓语
24、为单数;用both of all of 作主语时,谓语为复数.如: Neither of them _been to London before. Both of my parents _(be) doctors24。区分:三个“也”too用于肯定句末,either用于否定句末,also用于句中。如:He did not want to lose his toy monkey, _25. 花费:spend, pay, cost, and takesb spend timemoney on sth doing sth 某人花费时间、金钱做某事sb pay some money for sth 某
25、人付钱买某物it takes sb some time to do sth 做某事话费多少时间sth cost (sb) some money 某物花费某人多少钱26in order to +do (短语)为了,目的是。否定:in order not to doso that +从句 “为了,以便于”27. 区分两个“如此”: such+(aan)+形容词+名词 , so + 形容词/副词。 如:such bad weather; so lovely28、复合句中的宾语从句用陈述语序。如:I can do what I love to do and help others at the sam
26、e time.29.provide sth for sb=provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物 同义:offer sb. sth。 = offer sth。 to sb。30. keep sb./sth。 + 形容词:使某人或某物保持。. 如:keep clean and tidy 保持干净整洁31.Why dont you +do=Why not +do(动词原形) 为什么不.。? (提建议)Why dont you talk to your parents? = Why not talk to your parents?其他提意见的句型(了解)Whathow about
27、+doing sth? 做某事怎么样?Shall we +do sth 让我们做某事好吗?Lets +do sth 让我们做某事吧Would you mind +doing sth 你介意做某事吗?You had better (not) +do sth 你最好(不)做某事32。 instead 相反,却,代替,修饰整个句子(放句首或句末)。 instead of+名词、代词、动词ing: 代替,而不是(放句中)如:He would like to stay at home _ going shopping.33。leave和forget的区别: leave sth someplace把某物落
28、在某地 forget to do sth忘记做某事(抽象的事情) 如:You _ homework at home yesterday。 34. other +名词复数 “其他的。”,泛指;onethe other(两个中)一个。.另一个;another(三个及以上中)另一个;any other +名词单数 “任何其他的。” the other +名词复数=the others “其余的.。.”,特指35。This thatlastnext +时间(前面没有介词)如:What were you doing last night?36. 常见不可数名词(抽象名词):pressure, stres
29、s, information, news, advice, weather, pollution, progress37。 区分:maybe也许、可能, 常放句首;may be可能是,在句中作谓语。38。 介词:1)against倚、碰、撞、反对。如:fight against对抗,beat against撞击;2)。during在。期间,如:during the daytime,during the holiday; 3)。 among 在三者或以上之中,如:among the students, between 两者之间,如:the classes在课间,between the schoo
30、l and the bank。 4)by 在。旁边by the sea; 不迟于by 5 oclock; 被,由某人by Moyan; 乘骑by bus; 通过做某事by exersicing;5)along沿着 along the way 6)down沿着;向下down the street, sit down39。区分: whole adj 全部的,整体的 the+whole+cn单数 如: the whole family 整个家庭All+the+uncn复数 all the money所有的钱 all the books所有的书40。 感叹句:1) what+aan+形容词+可数名词单
31、数+主谓!2) what+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主谓!3) How+形容词/副词+主谓!_ a long time you slept in the forest!你们在森林里睡了这么久!41. 区分: voice (人的)嗓音 sound 泛指声音 noise噪音 42. population 集合名词,人口,人口数量1)The population of + is 某地的人口是、(指人口总称,谓语动词单数)The population of China is 1.3 billion。2)分数百分数+of the population are (谓语动词复数)90% of the
32、 population in China are Han people.3)形容人口多少:big, large, small The population of China is large,中国人口众多。4)对人口提问:what或how large 如:Whats the population of China?43.tour 旅行,旅游(观光游玩);Journey(长途),trip(短途),travel泛指44. How high/long/wide/deep is 。? 多高/长/宽/深? 答:Its +数字 + meters/kilometers high/long/wide/deep
33、.45。 as用法:1)由于 2)当.。时 3)作为。(人)46。 seem用法:意为:看起来,似乎It seems +形容词+ to do;It seems that+从句; sb. seems to do 47。 else 常用在疑问词或复合不定代词后:who else, what else, anything else48. :the number of 、的数量,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。The number of students _ 60。学生的数量是60。a number of=many许多,大量,作主语时,谓语动词复数A number of students _ in the
34、classroom。许多学生在教室。49。 表示时间的介词at,in,on。at在某时刻 at 6:00; at nightin在月,季,年,或上午,下午及晚上 in May, in spring, in 2016,in the morningon在某天,或具体的某一天的上下午及晚上on May 1th, on Monday morning, on Childrens Day50。Its really interesting, isnt it? 反意疑问句:陈述句+简单疑问句1)。疑问部分构成:助动词/ be/情态动词 +主语代词?与陈述部分保持时态、人称和数的一致.2)。前肯后否,前否后肯
35、。(否定词no, never, hardly, few, little, nothing, neither, none等)3),按事实回答yes/no。且前后一致.51否定前缀:un. 如:unhappy,不开心的 unusual,不寻常的 unfair,不公平的 unlucky,不幸的 unbelievable难以置信的52. notanymore= no more (强调数量、程度上)不再。.如:My mother asked me not to eat junk food anymorenot any longer=no longer (强调动作、时间上)不再。如:He doesnt l
36、ive here any longer。53. get +形容词:变得。.。(get作系动词) 如:get older 长大,变老;get angry变得生气54. a 15year-old boy 一个15岁的男生(合成形容词构成:三词两杠无s)55. 定语:在句子中用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征,主要有形容词,还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句等,表示“。.。的。单词作定语时放在它所修饰的词前, 如:a famous player 一个著名的球员短语和从句作定语时放在它所修饰的词后,即定语后置。如:a girl with big eyes一个有着大眼睛的女孩; the best way to learn English学英语的最好方法; 8 / 8