生理学复习题--英文版word版本.doc

生理学复习题-英文版1.静息电位的形成2.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制3.一个人大量发汗并没有补充水分，尿量的变化和变化原因4.基底神经核在调解动作中的作用。名词10个：Positive feedbackGFRRespiration membraneNonspecific projection systemInward retificationHemostasisSymportPhotopic VisionBEWHepothalumus regulation peptide大题四个1.Threshold ,threshold stimulus ,stimulus potential 的各个定义以及联系2.描述心动周期中心室的volume，pressure，以及动脉pressure的变化3.描述胃的头期分泌的特点。3.描述spinal cord 的牵张反射。Terminal Examination of Physiology for English Class I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed “ Internal Environment” of the human body by A.Claude Bernard B. HarveyC. Pavlov D. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will cause A.An increase in intracellular volume B.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced by A.Inward diffusion of Na+ B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+ D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle? A. Myosin head is energized B. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contraction D. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction? A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length 22.2 m of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume: Ablock the conduction of the vagus nerveBstimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heartCdecrease of the pressure in the carotid sinusDan increase in the end-diastolic pressureEfrom lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg, A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHg B. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressin B. bradykininB. norepinephrine D. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rate B. Sympathetic stimulationC. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastole E. none of the above 12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output isA. heart rate B. afterload C. preload D. ventricular contractility E. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure is A. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2, B. PCO2, C. pH D. 2,3-DPG E. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result in A. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat is A. Radiation B. ConductionC. Convection D. Evaporation E. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme? A. pepsin, starch B. trypsin, protein C. amylase, starch D. pepsin, protein E. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ? A. salivary glands and gastric epithelium B. hepatocytes C. gastric epithelial cells D. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true? A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. its neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. its not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is: A. Glucose concentration. B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration. D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbs A. 85% of filtrated water. B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 6570% of filtrated Na+ and water. D. 6570% of filtrated glucose.E. 6570% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptors B. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptors D. opiate receptors E. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarization B. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulation D. somesthetic propagation E. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactile B. nociceptors C. phasic D. tonic E. taste27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulus E. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due to A. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is to A. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractB. Maintain I? afferent activity during contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuron A. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidus C. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity is A. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral pain A. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain. B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep? A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreaming C. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information about A. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being moved D. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum is A.Dopamine, B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential 3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane. 2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.Examination of Physiology Class_ Name_ Numbers_ Scores_I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis is A.Negative feedback B.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport? A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pump C.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased? A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normal B.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding to A.Tropomyosin B.Actin C.Cross bridge D.Ttroponin E.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosin A. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosion globular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentration would expected to A.Stimulate Ca2+ pump B. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cell D.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized by A.Two way directional propagation B. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transport E. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analyzed A.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of platelets and red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance