高考英语情态动词知识梳理与精题分析讲课讲稿.doc

高考英语情态动词知识梳理与精题分析

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2009年高考英语情态动词知识梳理与精题分析
内容解读
1．准确把握情态动本身的意义和用法。包括can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, could, ought to, might, dare, need等。
2．准确把高考资源网握情态动词的推测、判断用法。
3．准确把握情态动词在虚拟语气句子结构中的使用。
能力解读
1．了解常见情态动词的语法特征、语义特征及相互间的区别：
2．能够根据上下文的意思来确定情态动词的应用。
命题规律w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
1．情态动词和虚拟语气在近几年高考中均是重点项目。根据对以上各题的分析，高考的热点依次是：① 推测和可能性；②“情态动词 + have done”结构；③ 虚拟语气；④ shall, should, can 和must 表示特定语气。
2．试题的立意不偏不怪，但是有效信息越来越隐蔽，情景越来越生动、真实，考查角度越来越细微化、综合化，而这些因素都增加了试题的难度。
每年高考的单项填空部分必然有一道考查情态动词的题目，这一点是不会动摇的。试题的特征不会有显著变化，即：立意仍将不偏不怪，情景仍将逼近真实，设问角度仍将综合化和细微化。
突破方法
1．学习和掌握情态动词的意义和用法，应遵循如下步骤：
① 阅读语法参考书，首先从整体上把握情态动词的语法特征和语义特征；
② 逐个学习，了解每个情态动词的用法特征；
③ 认真区别具有相同功能的、意思相近的情态动词的用法；
④ 收集大量真实的口语材料（如教材中的对话材料及听力材料），在真实的实际情景中印证和领悟它们的用法特征。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
2．解答情态动词类的题目时，一定要细细领会情景特征，情景中没有废话，不要放过任何细节。只有这样，才会找到足够的有效信息，做出最佳选择。
3．一定要将上面的提到的高考热点落到实处，反复咀嚼，反复演练，确保精通。
知识梳理
梳理一 情态动词的类型和特征
一、情态动词的类型
1．只作情态动词用的有：must, can (could), may (might), ought to；
2．可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need, dare (美语中常用作实义动词)；
3．可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：shall (should), will (would)；
4．具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have (had) to, used to。
二、情态动词的特征w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
1．有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，它们要和行为动词或连续动词连用，构成谓语。
2．适用于主语的各各种人称和数（have to 例外，主语是第三人称单数时，要用has to）。如：
We (He) must work hard. 我们（他）一定要努力工作。
I have to walk home. 我得步行加家。
He has to walk home. 他得步行回家。
3．后面接原形动词，即不带to 的不定式（ought to, have to, used to 本身带有to）。如：
He may lose his way. 他可能迷路。
You ought to obey the law. 你要遵守法律。
4．具有助动词的作用，即可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。如：
— I can’t swim. Can you swim ? — No, I can’t, eighter.
— 我不会游泳，你会游泳吗？ — 我也不会。
梳理二 情态动词用法要点
一、表能力（can, could, be able to, was / were able to, could have done）
1．can, be able to 可以用来表示现在的或“一般的能力”——即你无论什么时间想做就能做到的能力。但前者比后者更普遍。例如：
① A computer can’t think for itself; it must be told what to do.
② He is a native speaker of English, so he can of course speak English quite well.
will be able to 用来表示将来的能力。例如：
③ If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem.
如果你睡个好觉，那么你就能做出这个试题。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
2．表过去的能力时，could, was (were) able to 表示过去一般的能力，即不表示做与未做某事；was (were) able to 表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事，相当于managed to do something / succeeded in doing something; could have + 过去分词表示过去有能力做但未做。例如：
① She could (was able to) sing like an angel when she was a child. (一般的能力)
② The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
（过去有能力并且成功地做了某事）
③ I could have worked out the problem, but I didn’t. (过去有能力但未做)
二、表推测（可能性）
1．肯定句中，can 可以表示客观的（理论的）可能性，并不涉及具体某事是否会发生，此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征；要表达具体某事实际发生的可能性时，不可用can，须用could, may, might。如：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
① A left –luggage office is a place where bags can be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. 行李寄存处是尤其在车站，人们可以短期存放行李的地方。（客观的可能性）
② Accident can happen on such rainy days. 这样的天气可能会发生事故。（客观的可能性）
③ Peter may come with us tonight, but he isn’t sure yet. 彼竿今晚可能来我们这儿，但他还没确定。（实际可能性，不用can）
④ We may go camping next Sunday. 下星期我们可能野营去。（实际可能性）
2．表示推测的情态动词层次比较
词形
肯定式
否定式
疑问句
must
必定，必然
/
/
will
很可能，大概
不会，不该
会……吗？
would
可能性比will小
语气比won’t 弱
语气比will弱
should
确定或可能有的未来或期待
/
/
ought to
总应该，理应（含义同should）
/
/
can
/
不可能
有可能吗？
could
可疑的可能
不可能
语气比can弱
may
或许，也许，也未可知，也说不定
可能不
/
might
比may还弱
比may not还弱
/
注意：（1）表推测时，may, must常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句。may not表示“可能不”；如果表达否定意义（“不可能”）或疑问意义，用can/could 的适当形式。例如：
① Peter may come with us tonight, but he isn’t sure yet.
② I thought you might like something to read, xo I have brought you some books.
③ — Are you coming to Jeffs party ?
— I’m not sure. I might go to the concert instead. (表示可能不)
④ — Is John coming by train ?
— He should, but he may not. He likes driving his car. (表示可能不)
⑤ Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the opening ceremony ?
⑥ I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
（2）would, could, should, might 并不一定与过去时间有关，而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式。
This can’t be done by him. 这不可能是他干的。
This may not be done by him. 这可能不是他干的。
Can this be done by him? 这可能是他干的吗？
（不可用may，还可以说Is this likely to be done by him ?）
This could / may / might be done by him.
这件事有可能是他干的。（语气依次递减）
He should be around sixty years old. 他可能60岁上下。
He ought to be home by now. 他现在该到家了。
（3）should 表推测时，表示确定或可能有的未来或期望。例如：
① It’s nearly seen o’clock. Jack should be here at nay moment.
② — When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
— They should be ready by 12:00 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
三、表示请求、允许
1．当对方是决策者时，你代表你自己（I, we），或代表第三者（he, she, they）向对方（you）征求意见或向对方请示*即主语是第一人称、第三人称），用shall，此外此种用法还可用May (Might) / Can (Could) I …? Can (Could) he /we …? 等句型；当主语是第二人称时，用Would / Will / Could / Can you …?
例如：
① Shall we begin our class ?
② Shall the driver wait outside ?
③ When shall my father be able to leave hospital ?
④ Can / Could I leave now ?
⑤ Would you do me a favor ?
2．当你自己（I）是决策者，给对方（you）或第三者（he, she, they）以命令、警告、允诺或威胁时，要用shall，此外当宣布法律、规定时，也要用此用法。例如：
① — Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
— You shan’t have my compurter if you don’t take care of it.
② It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
③ “The interest shall be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
3．could / might, would 和should 的委婉功能
— Could / Might I use your bike tomorrow morning ?
— Yes, you can / may. (否定：No, I’m afraid not. )
不可说：Yes, you could / might. 回答允许时，用could / might 表委婉是不恰当的。
You are mistaken, I should say. 要我说，你是搞错了。
I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。
Would you please take a message for him ?
四、情态动词其它用法要点
（一）情态动词可表示某一特定的语气或态度
1．can 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度（主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）。如：
This can’t be done by him. 这不可能是他做的。
Can this be true ? 这会是真的吗？
How can you be so careless ! 你怎么这么粗心！
2．may 可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿。如：
May we never forget each other. 愿我们延彼此永不相忘。
May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。
3．Why / How + should 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等意思，译为“竟会”。如：
Why should you be so late today ? 你今天来得这么晚？
I don’t know why you should think that I did it. 我真不明白你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
How should I know ? 我怎么会知道？（意为：我不知道。）
4．must 表示偏要、硬要做某事。例如：
— How old are you, madam ?
— If you must know, I’m twice my son’s age.
（二）注意以下四组表达的用法区别
1．Used [ju: st] to do sth. ; be used [ju: zd] to do sth. 和be / get used [ju: st] to doing sth.
① used to do sth. 表示“过去常常做某事”，隐含现在不这样了，其中to 是不定式符号，后接动词原形。如？：
He used to get up at 5:00 in the morning.
否定句：
He used not (usedn’t) to get up at 5:00 in the morning.
疑问句：
Used he to get up at 5:00 in the morning ?
Did he use to get up at 5:00 in the morning ?
② be used to do sth. 表示“被用来做某事”。此结构是被动语态，其中use 为实义动词，意为“用，使用”。如：
Bamboo is used to carry water.
③ be / get used to doing sth. 表示“习惯于做某事”，其中to 为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。如：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
Are you used to the weather here ?
I haven’t got used to having meals with chopsticks.
2．表示“宁愿做某事”时，可使和下面这些句式：
would rather do sth.
would rather do sth. than do sth.
would do sth. rather than do sth.
would rather sb. did sth.
prefer to do sth.
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
高考中对这类用法的考查主要侧重结构，因此要熟记其结构。
3．used to 和would 的区别
① 在表示过去重复的习惯时，used to 可用would 代替。例如：
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening. 以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步。
He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening. （而现在已不在那里散步了）
② used to 强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在却不这样了”的含义；而would 则单纯表示过去的习惯性动作，常与often, every day 等连用。例如：
He used to be a very strong man. 他以前是一个身体很强壮的人。（不可用would, 言下之意是：现在体质差多了）
She isn’t what she used to be. 她跟过去不一样了。（表示对比，不可用would ）
We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story.
我们每天晚上坐在院子里，听他讲故事。（表示过去的重复性行为）
③ 表示过去的状态，只能用used to, 不可用would。例如：
The used to be a park here. 以前这里有一个公园。
4．注意区分情态动词否定式表达的含义
或许不，可能不：may not, might not
不可能：cannot, can’t
不能够：can’t, cannot ( = be not able to)
不许可：may not, can’t, cannot, mustn’t ( = be not allowed to)
不必：needn’t ( = don’t have to )
不应该：shouldn’t, oughtn’t to ( = be not supposed to )
（三）情态动词的一些惯用法w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
1．canot … too / enough 表示“无论怎么……也不过分……”，“越……越好”。如：
You cannot be too careful. 你越小心越好。
You cannot remember enough English words. 你记的英语单词越多越好。
2．cannot but + do sth. 表示“不是不，只好”。
I cannot but admire your bravery. 我不得不钦佩你的勇气。
I could not but choose to go. 我只好去。
3．may well 和may as well 结构
“may well + 动词原形”是一种常用结构，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to。例如：
He may well be proud of his son. 他大可为儿子感到自豪。
Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.
她的模样变化太大，你很可能认不出她了。
“may as well + 动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better 或to have no strong reason not to。例如：
You may as well stay here over the night. 你最好留在这里过夜。
You may as well do it at once. 你最好马上就做这件事。
We may as well stay where we are. 我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。
You may as well tell me the truth. 你还是把真相告诉我的好。
（四）“情态动词 + have done”用法一览表
情态动词+完成式的用法
Must have done
表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必/准是/一定做了某事”。
Can…have done
Cannot have odone
表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句。
Could have done
可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经……”之意，此外，还可以表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为“本来可以……”。
may / might have done w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
表示对过去已经发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有）……”。一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。
might have done
表示“本来可能……”，但实际上没有发生的事。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。
should / ought to have done
用于肯定句时，表示“本该做某事”，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。
needn’t have done
表示做了本来不必去做的事，注意：didn’t need to do 表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”。
Had better have done
用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done 表达相反的含义。
Would rather have done
表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done 表达相反含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。

练习
1. His failure in the experiment suggested that he _______ his teacher’s proper instructions.
A. should not have followed B. should not follow w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
C. mustn’t have followed D. hadn’t followed
2. Thank you for giving me a hand. I ______ in the experiment without your valuable help.
A. have failed B. will fail C. would have failed D. must have failed
3. You can't imagine that a top student ______ have failed in the college entrance examination.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
4. — Mummy, I have broken my train.
一I told you so. You _______ on it.
A. mustn't have ridden B. couldn't ride
C. shouldn't have ridden D. needn't ride
5. 一Could you tell me what happed last night ?
一I can't go into detail now because it _______ take too long.
A. would B. should C. might D. could
6. Whatever your parents______ you 一there is real Santa Claus. And I should know, because I’ve seen him myself !
A. may tell B. could tell C. may have told D. must have told
7. If I ever decided to quit, then nothing my parents or my coaches_____ say_____ change my mind. It's my life, not theirs.
A. could; would B. could; should
C. would; must D. would; should
8. Often, when he ______ something that ______ him, he wasted his time drawing some little pictures.
A. should be doing; gave
B. should have been doing; was given
C. should do; was given
D. should have been doing; had given
9. — Why! I _____ get you on the phone.
— We ______ basketball on the playground when you phoned.
A. didn't; must be playing
B. couldn't; must be playing
C. couldn't; must have played
D. didn't; must have been playing
10. Recently quite a lot of experts _____ that another law on wildlife protection ____ as soon as possible. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
A. suggested; must be passed B. have suggested; be passed
C. were suggesting; was passed D. suggested; being passed
11. They must have been enjoying themselves there, otherwise they _______ so long.
A. can’t have stayed B. wouldn’t have stayed
C. needn’t have stayed D. couldn’t stay
12. — There's someone outside. Who it be ?
— It must be Mary. She promised to come over at 8: 00.
A. must B. can C. shall D. need
13. — Lisa hasn't lived here for long. She _____ know many people.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. shouldn’t D. didn’t
14. — What's the matter with the man hanging his head there?
— Well, if you _____ know, he was caught stealing my bike.
A. must B. may C. can D. shall
15. — What's the matter with Peter?
— He was seen crying when he was coming out of the teacher’s office. He ____ by the teacher.
A. may be scolded B. should have been scolded
C. must be scolded D. must have been scolded
16. How ______ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article ?
A. can B. must C. need D. may
17. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _____ not like the design of the furniture.
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
18. — Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there ?
— No, it _____ be him — I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A. can’t B. must not C. won’t D. may not
19. — Who is the girl standing over there ? w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
— Well, if you _____ know, her name is Mabel.
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
20. Children under 12 years of age in that country ______ be under adult supervision when in a public library.
A. must B. may C. can D. need
21. “The interest ______ be divided into five parts, according to the adreement made by both sides,” declared the judge.
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
22. — I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
— You ______ her last week.
A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told
23. I ______ pay Tracy a visit, but I’m not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.
A. should B. might C. would D. could
24. — I don’t mind telling you what I know.
— You _____. I’m not asking you for it.
A. mustn’t B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t
25. — Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
— You _______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.
A. shan’t B. might not C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
26. — Excuse me, Is this the right way to the Summer Palace ?
— Sorry, I am not sure, but it _______ be.
A. might B. will C. must D. can
27. — Mum, I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock. _______ I go out and play with tom for a while ? w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
— No, I’m afraid not. Besides, it’s raining outside now.
A. Can’t B. Wouldn’t C. May not D. Won’t
28. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _______ report it to the police ?
A. should B. may C. will D. can
29. Mr. White _______ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
30. You ______ be ti