高中英语语法-非谓语动词-讲解及其练习题说课材料.doc

高中英语语法 非谓语动词 讲解及其练习题精品文档高中英语语法 非谓语动词 讲解及其练习题非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式，是动词的非谓语形式。在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分3种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词一、动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.（6）作状语：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.（7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1 “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to2 带to 还是不带toI have no choice but to give inI cannot do anything but give inI saw him enter the classroom .（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1动名词的形式：否定式：not + 动名词（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on（4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？（5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。注意以下几个问题：1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，forget to do 忘记要做某事forget doing 忘记做了某事remember to do记住要做某事remember doing 记着做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示后悔regret doing 对做过去的事后悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事learn to do 学着去做某事learn doing 学会做某事stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做（另外一件事）go on doing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事be used to doing 习惯做某事2动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义如：a sleeping car = a car for sleepinga running horse = a horse which is running前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy3 动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如：His coming made us very happy .4 动名词主动形式表被动的情况：need doing , want doing , require doing例如： This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。三、分词：（一）现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式：否定式：not + 现在分词（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。（4）现在分词作状语：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。（二）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4过去分词作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。应注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.China is a developing country and America is a developed country.2分词作表语The news sounds encouraging .They got very excited .1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：The news is interesting .He is interested in the news .doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。2）表语与被动式的区别：The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调动作）The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.（强调状态）3）常作表语的过去分词：amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done3现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .4注意的四种结构：have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 让某事一直做着5分词做状语与不定式的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。Having finished the homework , I went home . （ 时间）Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因）Given more time ,I can do my work better . （ 条件 ）He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （ 伴随）To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )He is old enough to join the army . （ 结果）6分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is runninga fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallena walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walkingsomething to do 不定式 = something that I should do7不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在进行）The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （ 过去）8分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：分词与句子主语的逻辑关系Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误 )Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （ 正确）Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；seen 与city 是动宾关系练习I . 用动词的正确形式填空1. Little Tom should love _ ( take ) to the theatre this evening .2. Paul doesnt have to be made _ ( learn ) . He always works hard .3. The computer centre , _ ( open )last year , is very popular among the students in this school .4. Go on _( do ) the other exercise after you have finished this one .5. How about two of us _ ( take ) a walk down the garden .答案： 1.to be taken ; 2.to learn ; 3.opened ;4.to do ; 5.taking.非谓语动单选专练1._ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. To give B. Having given C. Given D. Giving2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. to be written B. written C. being written D. having written3.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing4._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing5.When passing me he pretended _ me.A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen6.The children insisted _ there on foot.A.they going B.they would go C.on their going D.going7.He still remembers _ to Shanghai when he was very young.A.taking B.being taken C.taken D.having taken8._ the railway station,we had a break,only _ the train had left.A.Arriving at;to find B.Coming to;discovering thatC.On arriving at;finding out D.Hurrying to;to have found out9.With the boy _ the way,we had no trouble _ the way _ to Zhongshan Park.A.leading;finding;leading B.to lead;found;to lead C.led;finding;led D.leading;found;led10._ these pictures,I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Being and _ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more beautiful.A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen11.I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A.to have sailed B.to sail C.sailing D.sail12.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air _ against your face.A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move13._ is known to all,China will be an _ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A.That;advancing B.This;advanced C.As;advanced D.It;advancing14.While shopping,people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A.persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded15.There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.f