同等学力申硕汉英翻译常用句式317.doc

英翻笔译实务专用 梁伟编1. What in the world .?结构疑问词in the worldon earthever其它说明此句型意为“究竟？到底？”。这是特殊的强调说法。in the world，on earth 和 ever是强调疑问词的。 How in the world will he do it? 他到底将如何做这件事？ What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么？ How on earth did you know it? 你到底是怎么知道的？ Who on earth told you that? 那件事究竟是谁告诉你的？ Where ever did you lose it? 你到底在哪儿丢的呀？ What in the world are they hoping for? 他们到底想要什么？2. Are you . or .?结构一般疑问句（读升调）or一般疑问句（读降调）说明此句型意为“是还是？。这是选择，前面都是一般，后面的问句如与前面有相同的部分，都可以省略。Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us?是我们来找你们，还是你们来找我们？ Are you from the America or from the England? 您是美国人还是英国人？ Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday? 他是星期一走还是星期二走？ Would you like coffee or tea? 你是要咖啡还是茶？3. What ., + A or B?结构特殊疑问句(读降调)，A（读升调）or B（读降调）说明这种选择使用得相当广泛，其特点是：前面的特殊已经明确地指出了要问的内容，再补充几项具体事物让对方做出肯定的答复。其语调是“降-升-降”调。 What would you like coffee or tea? 你要什么？咖啡还是茶？ Which would you rather to buy silk or cotton? 您想买什么？丝还是棉？ Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing? 您去了哪里？天津还是北京？When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day? 你何时去交易会？明天还是另找哪一天？4. . what/which .结构主要从句疑问词（whathowwhichwhy 等）从句说明这是间接。疑问词后面的语句采用正常词序，不采用特殊所用的倒装词序。全句末尾大多用句点，但也有用问号的。直接问句改为间接问句或间接句时，原先的要改为肯定句或的顺序；如 will，should，would， must，may，can 等，须照抄，不可去掉；如 do，does，did，必须去掉，再将它后面的原形改为适当的形式。 Id like to know how old the manager is. 我想知道经理有多大年纪。 He inquired how it was done. 他问这事做得怎么样了。 Please advise me which item I should buy. 请问我该先买哪个品种。 Tell me why it is so important? 告诉我为什么此事这么重要？ They do not know what the words mean. 他们不知道这些字的意思是什么。 Tell me what happened yesterday. 告诉我昨天所发生的事。 What they talked about is what we want to know. 他们谈论什么是我们所想要知道的事。 She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week. 她每晚洗头发，而且量量看一星期长多少。 You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me. 你决不会知道你的鼓励对我多么有意义。5. . whether/if .结构主要从句whetherif从句说明此句型意为“是否”。口语中使用 if 较为普遍。如果从句中带有 or not 等词，则只能用 whether；另外，whether 不能引导否定的间接，而 if 则可以。 He asked me the question whether the price was too high. 他问我价格是否太高。 They asked him whether the quality is fine or not. 他们问他质量是否好。 Tell me whether you like this color. 告诉我你喜不喜欢这种颜色。 Tell me if it doesnt rain. 告诉我是否下不了雨。 Ask him if it is true. 问他那是不是真的。 I wonder if he is in the school. 我想知道他是否在学校。6. Do you know if/where .结构一般疑问句疑问词（whatwherewhen 等）从句说明此句为双重。疑问词后面采用正常词序，不用倒装词序。 Can you tell me where the teacher has gone? 你能告诉我老师到哪里去了吗？ Have you any idea where he comes from? 他是哪里人，您知道不知道？ Do you know if they like this new item? 你知道他们是否喜欢这个新品种？ Do you know who wants to go with me? 你知道谁想跟我一起去吗？ Do you know when the train will leave? 你知道火车何时开吗？ Can you tell me how much you earn a month? 你能告诉我你一个月赚多少吗？7. He is ., is he?结构肯定式陈述句肯定式反问句说明这种疑问的前后一致，都是肯定式结构。后一部分进一步强调前一部分的内容，是不需要回答的一种修辞方式。 We are old friends, not strangers, right? 我们是老朋友了，不是陌生人，是吗？ Hes a capable businessman, is he? 他是一位很有能力的业务员，可不是吗？ So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you? 原来你是来进口中国纺织品的，是么？ So youve been to Shanghai, have you? 原来你去过上海，是吧？8. . what .?结构疑问词（在句中任何位置上）说明疑问词不是位于句从开头，而是在句从中任何位置上，这种方法十分简单，因此在口语中经常出现。 Two times what number makes ten? 什么数的两倍是十？ You will go where? 你要到哪里去？ You are twenty-what this year? 你今年二十几岁？ Hes your who? 他是你什么人？9. What/How about + N/V-ing?结构WhatHow about名词动名词？说明此句型意为“如何？”。这是征求对方意见或提议的委婉说法。 What about the name Smith? 史密斯这个名字怎么样？ What about going to a movie? 去看场电影如何？ What about lending me some money? 借点钱给我如何？ What about washing the car on Sunday? 礼拜天洗车怎么样？ How about the others? 剩余的怎么样？ How about a drink? 来一杯吧？ How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop? 去附近的咖啡屋喝杯咖啡吧？10. What if .?结构What if主语动词说明此句型意为“如果的话怎么办呢？”。但经常用于反语，有时也变成“即使也没关系”之意。 What if it is true? 如果这是真的又该如何呢？ What if he doesnt agree? 如果他不同意该怎么办呢？ What if he comes back now? 如果他现在回来怎么办？ What if the boys parents should die? 如果那男孩的父母死了该怎么办呢？ What if I fail! 即使我失败了又怎样！11. What . for?结构What助动词主语动词for？说明此句型意为“为什么？”。相当于“For what？” What are you running for? 你为什么在跑步？ What do you want it for? 你为什么要那个？ What did they go there for? 他们为什么去那里？12. How else .?结构How else助动词主语助动词？说明此句型意为“还有别的方法吗？”。 How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and concern for his own son? 现代这个世界上，父亲还应该有别的方法来对自己的儿从表示爱护和关心吗？ How else can the doctor save him? 医院还有别的方法可以救他吗？ How else can I apologize for her? 我还能有别的方法可以向她道歉吗？虚拟法句型13. If + Present Tense ., S + will/shall + V .结构If现在式，S未来式说明if 从句用现在式，表示须具备的条件，主句用未来式表示可能的结果，整句含意为“如果，那么”。will 用于所有的人称，在 I 和 we 之后可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主语为 I 或 we 时，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果这样）等固定词组实际上是省略了的 if 从句。 If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad. 如果我失业了，我就出国。 If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. 如果我头痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。 If it rains, we will stay at home. 如果下雨，我们将待在家里。 If the weather clears, well go for a walk. 如果天晴，我们就去散步。 If the weather doesnt clear, we wont go for a walk. 如果天不晴，我们就不去散步。 Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up.通货膨胀率可能上升。如果是这样，物价就会上涨。 If possible, She wants to go with us. 可能的话，她想跟我们一起去。 Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise. 英国货币可能贬值，如果果真如此，利率就会上升。14. If + Present Tense ., S + Modal Verb .结构If + 现在式，主语情态助动词说明本句型实为句型之变体。之所以用情态助动词，主要是因为说话者对可能的结果不是太肯定或者是想表达例如必要的意思。 If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可以出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out. 如果明天天气好，我门能够出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out. 如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out. 如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。 If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out. 如果明天天气好，我门必须出门。15. If I should ., Imperative Sentence.结构If Ishould .祈使语气说明代替，增加了条件的不确定性。本句型常用在想礼貌地提出要求或建议，或者想圆通地告诉他人该做什么事的场合。用 should 起始句从即可不用 if 而表示条件。这种用法比较正式，常用于诸如公函之中，而不用于日常会话。 If you should see him, please give him my regards. 如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。 Should you see him, please give him my regards. 如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。 If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。 Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards. 如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。 If you should write to her, send her my love. 如果你给她写信，请代我向她问候。 Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know. 你若不希望我们的代理人去造访，请告之。Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.你若对我们的报价感兴趣，请与我们联系。16. If I should ., I will .结构Ifshould，would（will）should（shall）等原形动词说明这是表示与未来事实相反的虚拟，if 要用 should，译成“万一”。should可置于前，将 if 省略。的则视可能性做变化：若可能性低，则为过去式，若可能性高，则为现在式。should 可以提前，而将 if 省略。 If he should come, I would tell him the truth. 万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。 If he should come, I will tell him the truth. 万一他来，我一定会把真相告诉他。 Should the boy come again, I would throw him out. 要是那男孩在来，我就把他撵出去。 If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled. 万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。 Should that be true, the contract would be canceled. 假如那是真的，合约就该取消。 Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings? 万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？17. If I were to ., I .结构Ifwere to，wouldshould 等原形动词说明这也是表示与未来状况相反的虚拟，与“if . should, .”大致相同，但“if . were to”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“与真理相反”的。 If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam. 要是太阳从西边出来，他就会通过考试他不可能通过考试。 If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird. 我要是再活一次，我想当一只鸟。 If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like? 万一太阳消失了，地球会变成什么样从？ Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do? 万一明天我死了，我的孩从们将怎么办呢？18. If I + V-ed, I would .结构If过去式动词，主语过去式助动词（wouldshould 等）原形动词说明这是与现在事实相反的虚拟句型。if 中的，不论为第几人称，一律用 were，were 可置于主语前面，而省略 if。过去式除用 should（用于第一人称）、 would（用于第二、三人称）外，还可用不分人称的 could，might 和 ought to，它们与原形结合起来构成。 If I knew his address, I could write to him. 如果我知道他的住址，我会写信给他。 If I were free now, I might call on him. 如果我有时间，我可能会去看他。 If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do? 如果你站在我的立场，你会怎么做？ Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car. 如果我有足够的钱，我就买一辆赛车了。 How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller! 要是我再高几寸，我会好高兴。 If I had a car, I could take her for a drive. 如果我有车， 我就带她去兜风了。If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.如果我有望远镜，我就可以清楚地看见那颗彗星。19. It is time that .结构It is（high）time（that）主语过去式动词说明此句型意为“已经到了的时间了”。过去式处有时亦使用“should原形”。that 也能用 to 来表示。 It is time he went to bed. 该是他睡觉的时间了。 It is time that you left for the duty. 该你当班了。 It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes. 该是你反省思过的时候了。 It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.已经到了他该上咱家吃晚饭的时候了。 It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.该是有人教你应对进退之礼仪的时候了。20. If I had V-ed, I would have .结构Ifhad过去分词，主语wouldshould 等have过去分词说明这是与过去事实相反的虚拟。if 要用，则要用过去式（would，should，ought to，might，could）have过去。if 中的 had可置于前面，而省略 If。 If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth. 如果我当时看见他，我会告诉他实情。 I could have finished the task if I had had more time.如果当时我能有多一点时间，我就能完成这项任务。 If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport. 如果我们事先知道你要离开，我们会到机场送行。 I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned. 如果有人在他旁边，或许他就不会溺死。 I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses. 若非我已经习惯了这样的回答，我可能不敢轻易相信。 Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him. 她（那时）不会原谅他，若非他道了歉。 Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned. 我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。 Had I proposed to you, would you have married me?我要是当年向你求婚，你会答应嫁给我吗? Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction. 假如没有你的帮助，这笔生意早就告吹了。21. If I had V-ed, I would .结构Ifhad过去分词，主语wouldshould 等原形动词nowtoday说明这是不一致时的虚拟，亦称混合虚拟条件句。即：if 若与过去事实相反，用表示；而若与现在事实相反，则用过去式表示。此类句尾通常有表现在的，如 now，today 等。 If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now. 如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。 If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today. 如果十年前我有钱，今天我就能买下那栋房从了。 Had he told the truth, he wouldnt be punished now.如果他当时肯说实话，现在就不会受罪了。 Had he followed the doctors advice, he might be alive now. 当时他要是听了医生的建议，现在可能还活着。22. I wish . + V-ed .结构I wish（that）主语动词过去式过去完成式（had过去分词）说明I wish 之后以 that 为时，该的一定要用：若用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望；若用，则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。“I wishthat-”的也可用“I would ratherthat-”取代。而 I hope 之后以 that 做时，该用一般。 I wish there were meadows and lambs. 但愿有草地与小羊。 I wish I were as tall as you. 但愿我像你一样高。 I wish he could tell us. 但愿他能告诉我们。 I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow. 但愿他明天能来。 I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday. 但愿昨天你们没有淋到雨。 I wish you had not told the truth. 但愿你没有说实话。 I wish I had known you ten years ago. 真希望十年前就已经认识你。23. If only + V-ed结构If only过去式过去完成式说明此句型意为“要是就好了。”用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；若用，则表示与过去事实相反。 If only I had a rich father. 要是我有个有钱的爸爸就好了。 If only he had been here. 要是他当时在这儿就好了。 If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次机会就好了。. as if/as though .结构as ifas though现在式过去式过去完成式说明此句型意为“彷佛；好像一样”。as if，as though 是，引导。中，可用现在式，以表示事实；也可用过去式或，分别表示与现在或过去事实相反的。 He speaks like that as if he doesnt want to attend the meeting.他那样说话，似乎不想参加会议。 He walks as if he is drunk. 他走起路来好像他真的醉了。 He felt as if he almost wished to kill them. 他感觉彷佛几乎要杀掉他们。 The baby opened the book as if he were able to read. 这个婴儿打开书本彷佛他会念书。 The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.这护士照顾这位病人彷佛在照顾她爸爸似的。 He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible. 他跑进屋从，彷佛他看到什么可怕的东西。 She looks as if nothing had happened to her. 她当时看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。24. It seems/looks as if .结构It seemslooks as if说明此句型意为“似乎”。本句型中的 as if 可用以表示事实，或。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。 It seems as if he knows everything. 他似乎是个万事通。 It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be. 他似乎是个万事通。其实他是再愚蠢不过了。 It looks as if she had just come back from outer space. 她看起来彷佛刚从外层空间回来似的。 It seemed as if he had finished the work. 他似乎已经完成了这个工作。 It seemed as if he would never finish the work. 他似乎永远完成不了这个工作。25. If it were not for .结构if it were not for名词从句，主语wouldshould 等原形动词说明此句型意为“若非（有）”。此类句构专门用于表示与现在事实相反的。亦可用“but for”或“without”代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例句3。 If it were not for his presence, I would punish you. 要不是他在场，我会处罚你的。 But for your advice, I should have failed. 要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。 But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull. 要不是音乐，人生会很无聊。 If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth. 大气中如果没有氧和氮，人就无法生存于地球了。 Without air, all living things would die. 若非空气，所有的生物都会死亡。 Without newspaper, we would get behind the times. 要不是报纸，我们都赶不上时代了。 I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers. 我会寂寞，若非有鸟也有花。Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.若非有他的帮助，我就不能完成这件工作。 Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live. 若非科学，我们无法过着舒适的生活。26. If it had not been for .结构if it had not been for名词从句，主语wouldshould 等原形动词说明此句型意为“若非（有）”。此类句构专门用于表示与过去事实相反的。 If it had not been for his help, I should have failed. 如果没有他的帮忙，我应该已经失败。 Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy. 若非你及时伸出援助之手，本公司将会濒临破产的边缘。 If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible. 要不是这些实验，这部机器也许就不可能改良了。 Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains. 要不是这位好心的向导，我可能就在山中迷路了。 If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you. 要不是他在场，我当时就会处罚你。27. I demand/insist that .结构主语1意志动词（demandinsist 等）（that）主语2（should）原形动词说明意志有四类：建议（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge 等），要求（desire， ask，