生化英文单词汇总.doc

生化单词表第一章 蛋白质结构和功能Protein 蛋白质Amino acid 氨基酸Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸protein physical-chemical properties蛋白理化性质Prion disease 朊蛋白病Scurvy坏血病Methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白病Enzymes酶Catalysis催化作用Chiral手性Amino group氨基Carboxylic acid group 羧基Zwitterion 两性Protonation 质子化isoelectric point等电点Ionizable可解离的Homeostatsis稳态Polar极性uncharged 不带电的charged带点的acidic酸性的basic碱性的non-polar非极性hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的aromatic AA 芳香氨基酸hydroxyl group羟基sulfur-containing AAs 含硫氨基酸amide 酰胺imino acid 亚氨基酸polypeptide backbone多肽骨架Essential AminoAcids必需氨基酸Monomer单体Polymer聚合物multi-subunit多亚基Primary structure一级结构Secondary structure二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quanternary structure四级结构hydrogen bond氢键Peptide Bonds肽键condensation reaction 缩合反应Polypeptide 多肽alpha helix a 螺旋beta-sheet beta折叠beta turn beta转角Right-handed helix 右手螺旋Isomers异构体MotifT模体fibrous proteins纤维状蛋白globular proteins球形蛋白Intermediate filaments 中间丝蛋白cytoskeleton 骨架Keratin 角蛋白Extracellular matrix 细胞外基质Collagen胶原蛋白Elastin弹性蛋白Tendons肌腱Cartilage软骨Silk fibroin 丝蛋白Cornea角膜prolyl hydroxylase脯氨酸羟化酶a- ketoglutarate a-酮戊二酸ascorbate 抗坏血酸Antiparallel反平行Domain功能域Heme Group血红素基团Ferric ion (Fe3+) 高铁Ferrous ion (Fe2+) 亚铁Porphyrin卟啉.Nitrogen氮Hyperbolic抛物线的deoxy hemoglobin脱氧血红蛋白oxy hemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白Conformational 构象Subunit亚基cooperativebinding协同结合sigmoidal双曲线的Allostery 变构作用heterotropic effect异促效应homotropic effect 同促效应Hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) 磷酸甘油变位酶erythrocytes红细胞Iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血Chronic respiratory disease慢性呼吸系统疾病Hypoxia低氧pulmonary edema 肺水肿Antibodie抗体(immunoglobulins免疫球蛋白Bacteria细菌Virus病毒Pollen花粉Antigen抗原disulfide bonds 二硫键Sickle CellAnemia镰刀红细胞贫血Homozygous纯合的Autosomal accessive 常染色体隐性Denaturation变性Renaturation 复性Alcohol乙醇Chloroform氯仿Urea尿素Curdle凝乳Perming hair 烫发Ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶i2-mercaptoethanol 二巯基乙醇Ultrafiltration超滤Ultracentrifugation超速离心Electrophoresis电泳ion exchange chromatography离子交换层析chromatography层析UV absorption紫外吸收Dye binding染料结合Dialysis:透析semipermeable membrane半透膜Sedimentation coefficient, S沉降系数第二章核酸结构和功能NucleicAcids核酸Nucleotide核苷酸Nuclease核酸酶NitrogenousBases 含氮碱Nucleosides核苷 NucleosidePhosphates 磷酸核苷Polynucleotides多核苷酸Pyrimidine嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Uracil 尿嘧啶Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Purine嘌呤Adenine 腺嘌呤Guanine 鸟嘌呤Derivatives衍生物D-riboseD-核糖2-deoxy-D-ribose 2-脱氧-D-核糖Pentoses 戊糖glycosidicbond 糖苷键anomeric异头碳triphosphates三磷酸glycogen糖原phosphodiester bond磷酸二酯键 Ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸Base pairs 碱基对Canonical经典的major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟Supercoil超螺旋Cruciform十字形duplex helix 双螺旋Negative supercoiling 负超螺旋palindromic regions回文区域nucleosome核小体Chromatin染色质nucleoprotein complex和蛋白复合体histones 组蛋白Diameter直径Eukaryotic真核的 Transcription转录Prokaryotes原核细胞Polycistron多顺反子Eukaryote真核细胞Monocistron单顺贩子Intron内含子 Exon外显子 Splicing 剪接Ribosome核糖体peptidyl transferase肽酰转移酶cytosol细胞浆Ribozyme核酶 hyperchromic 增色的Stacked base pairs 碱基堆积in native DNA absorbless light Hydrolysis水解Carcinogenesis致癌aryl hydrocarbons芳香烃Smokedand grilled foods烟熏和烧烤食物alkylate 烷基化第三章 脂质代谢Amphipathic 同时具有亲水和厌水部分的，两性分子的Triacrylglycerol (TAG)/Triglyceride (TG) 三脂酰甘油/甘油三酯Phospholipids (PL) 磷脂Glycolipids (GL) 糖脂Cholesterol (CHOL) 胆固醇Cholesterol ester (CE) 胆固醇酯carboxylic acid羧酸Saturated/ unsaturated 饱和的/不饱和的Margarine 人造黄油、人造奶油Palmitic acid软脂酸; 棕榈酸，十六（烷）酸Stearic acid硬脂酸，十八酸Linoleic acid亚油酸，罂酸-Linolenic acid -亚麻酸Arachidonic acid花生四烯酸Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 二十五碳五烯酸Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 二十二碳六烯酸Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) 必需脂肪酸Glycerol 甘油Phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰胆碱、卵磷脂Phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰乙醇胺、脑磷脂cardiolipin 一种磷脂，亦称双磷脂酰甘油。Sphingolipids 鞘脂Sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingoid bases鞘氨醇碱steroid hormones类固醇激素adipocytes 脂肪细胞Emulsion 乳化Hydrophilic 亲水Hydrophobic 亲脂lipase脂肪酶Colipase 辅脂酶Fat mobilization 脂肪动员Lipolysis脂解hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase (HSL) 激素敏感性脂肪酶Glucagons 胰高血糖素Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) 促肾上腺皮质激素Epinephrine肾上腺素Norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素Insulin 胰岛素Beta-Oxidation-氧化作用acetyl-CoA乙酰辅酶AAcyl-CoA synthetase酰基辅酶A合成酶acyl-CoA ester 酰基辅酶A酯Malonyl-CoA丙二酰辅酶A;carnitine 肉碱acyl carnitines酰基肉碱Carnitine acyltransferase I肉碱脂酰转移酶Icarbonyl group 羰基Dehydrogenation脱氢作用Hypoglycin 次甘氨酸enoyl CoA 烯酰辅酶AHydration水化; 水合，水合作用 hydroxyacyl CoA -羟脂酰CoAThiolysis硫解Thioester硫酯Enolate烯醇化物propionyl-CoA丙酰辅酶aKetone bodies 酮体Acetone 丙酮acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸-hydroxybutyrate-羟丁酸acetoacetyl-CoA乙酰乙酰辅酶A3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A （HMG CoA）Succinyl CoA transsulfurase琥珀酰辅酶A转硫酶Ketonemia酮血症Ketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒Malonyl-CoA丙二酰辅酶AMalate苹果酸盐KS: -ketoacyl-ACP synthase酮脂酰合酶MT: malonyl-transacylase 丙二酰基转移酶KR: -ketobutyryl-ACP reductase酮脂酰还原酶 DH: -hydroxybutyryl-ACP dehydratase脱水酶ER: enoyl-ACP reductase烯脂酰还原酶AT: acetyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase乙酰基转移酶TE: acyl-CoA thioesterase 硫脂酶Monoacylglycerol (MG) pathway 甘油一酯途径Diacylglycerol (DG) pathway甘油二酯途径Lysophosphatidate 溶血磷脂Glycerophospholipid 甘油磷脂phospholipase (PLA) 磷脂酶Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱Sphingomyelin鞘磷脂Ceramide 神经酰胺Multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化cholelithiasis胆结石Gall Bladder 胆囊Sitosterol谷甾醇-sitosterol谷固醇 -ergosterol麦角固醇 aerobic 有氧的anaerobic 无氧的Mevalonate甲羟戊酸Squalene鲨烯，三十碳六烯（角）Thyroxine甲状腺素Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶 pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮progesterone孕酮,testosterone睾酮aldosterone醛固酮calcitriol骨化三醇coronary 冠状动脉的lovastatin洛伐他汀（HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂）Lipoproteins脂蛋白CM (chylomicron) 乳糜微粒VLDL: Very-low-density lipoproteins 极低密度脂蛋白IDL : Intermediate-density lipoproteins 中间密度脂蛋白LDL: Low-density lipoproteins 低密度脂蛋白HDL: High-density lipoproteins 高密度脂蛋白Apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白第四章 生物氧化BiologicalOxidation 生物氧化Mitochondrion线粒体electrontransfer chain (ETC) 电子传递链Respiratorychain 呼吸链Ubiquinone(Coenzyme Q, CoQ, Q) 泛醌（辅酶Q）Cytochrome细胞色素prostheticgroup 辅基Flavoprotein黄素蛋白flavinmononucleotide (FMN) 黄素单核苷酸flavinadenine dinucleotide （FAD）黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸iron-sulphurprotein 铁硫蛋白ironsulfurclusters 铁硫簇Nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD) 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶I）nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate 磷酸烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶II）isoalloxazine异咯嗪heme亚铁血红素lipoate硫辛酸Oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化Substratelevel phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化Chemiosmotictheory 化学渗透理论ATPsynthase ATP合成酶Uncouplingprotein解偶联蛋白Thermogenin增温素2,4-dinitrophenol（DNP） 2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）OligomycinA 寡霉素A-glycerophosphateshuttle-磷酸甘油穿梭malate-aspartateshuttle 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭，也称为苹果酸穿梭第五章 氨基酸代谢一、蛋白质的营养价值营养价值: nutrition value营养必需氨基酸: nutritionally essential amino acid营养非必需氨基酸: nutritionally nonessential amino acid营养半必需氨基酸: nutritionally semiessential amino acid氨基酸模式: amino acid pattern,AAP氮平衡: nitrogen balance零氮平衡: zero nitrogen balance正氮平衡: positive nitrogen balance负氮平衡: negative nitrogen balance蛋白质缺乏综合症: kwashiorkor消瘦: marasmus二、体内氨基酸的来源内肽酶: endopeptidase外肽酶: exopeptidase氨基肽酶: amino peptidase羧基肽酶: carboxyl peptidase胃蛋白酶: pepsin肠激酶: enterokinase胰蛋白酶: trypsin糜蛋白酶: chymotrypsin弹性蛋白酶: elastase自身激活: autocatalysis寡肽酶: oligopeptidase二肽酶: dipeptidase氨基酸代谢池: amino acid metabolic pool-谷氨酰循环: -glutamyl cycle腐败作用: putrefaction胺类: amine酪胺: tyramine苯乙胺: phenylethylamine假神经递质: false neurotransmitter氨: ammonia尿素: urea尿素肠肝循环: urea enterohepatic circle半寿期：half life泛素：ubiquitin,Ub泛素活化酶：ubiqutin activating enzyme泛素载体蛋白:ubiquitin carrier protein泛素-蛋白连接酶：ubiquitin protein ligase泛素化：ubiquitination蛋白酶体：proteasome谷氨酸脱氢酶：glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酰胺合成酶：glutamine synthetase天冬酰胺合成酶：asparagine synthetase胆碱：choline乙醛酸：glyoxylate同型半胱氨酸：homocysteine胱硫醚合酶：cystathionine synthase苯丙氨酸羟化酶：phenylalanine hydroxylase生物喋呤：biopterin二氢生物蝶呤还原酶：dihydrobiopterin dehydrogenase三、氨基酸分解代谢转氨基: transamination转氨酶：transaminase(aminotransferase)丙氨酸转氨酶：alanine transaminase(ALT);glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT)天冬氨酸转氨酶：aspatate transaminase(AST);glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT)磷酸吡哆醛：pyridoxal phosphate,PLP联合脱氨基（转氨脱氨作用）：transdeamination嘌呤核苷酸循环：purine nucleotide cycle氨基酸氧化酶：amino acid oxidase丙氨酸葡萄糖循环：alanine glucose cycle鸟氨酸循环，尿素循环：ornithine cycle; urea cycle; krebs-henseleitcycle.氨甲酰磷酸合成酶：carbamoyl phosphate synthetase N-乙酰谷氨酸：N-acetylglutamate鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶：ornithine carbamoyl transferase; ornithine transcarbamoylase.精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶：argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS)精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶：argininosuccinate lyase(ASl)精氨酸酶：arginase一氧化氮合酶：nitric oxide synthase(NOS)高氨血症：hyperammonemia四、氨基酸的分类代谢脱羧酶：decarboxylase脱羧基作用：decarboxylation氨基丁酸：-aminobutyrate牛磺酸：taurine组胺：histamine5-羟色胺：5-hydroxytryptamine褪黑激素：melatonin单胺氧化酶：monoamine oxidase多胺：polyamine腐胺，亚精胺，精胺：putrecine, spermidine, spermine一碳单位：one carbon unit甲基，甲烯基，甲炔基，亚氨甲基，甲酰基：methyl group, methylene group, methenyl group, formimino group, formyl group.四氢叶酸：tetrahydrofolic acid二氢叶酸还原酶：dihydrofolic acid reductase腺苷转移酶：adenosyl transferaseS-腺苷蛋氨酸：S- adenosyl methionine (SAM)同型半胱氨酸：homocysteine同型半胱氨酸血症：homocystinuriaPAPS：3-phosphoadenosyl-5-phosphasulfate肌酸：creatine肌酸激酶：creatine phosphokinase磷酸肌酸：creatine phosphate儿茶酚胺：catecholamine多巴：3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)多巴胺：dopamine肾上腺素：epinephrine去甲肾上腺素：norepinephrine黑色素：melanine尿黑酸：homogentisate尿黑酸症：alkaptonuria苯丙酮尿症：phenyl ketonuria (PKU)白化病：albinism第六章 酶和维生素 糖复合物酶和维生素Enzyme酶Ribozyme核酶Alkaptonuria尿黑酸尿Homogentisateoxidase 尿黑酸氧化酶Phospholipase磷脂酶Prostheticgroup 辅基Coenzyme辅酶Cofactor辅因子Metalloenzyme金属酶Metal-cativatedenzyme 金属激活酶Monomericenzyme 单体酶Oligomericenzyme 寡聚酶Multifunctionalenzyme 多功能酶Multienzymecomplex 多酶复合体Essentialgroups 必须基团Activesite 活性中心Nomenclature命名法Systemiaticname 系统命名Commonname常用名Oxidoredcuctase氧化还原酶Transferase转移酶Hydrolase水解酶Lyase裂解酶Isomerase异构酶Ligase合成酶Isoenzyme同工酶Physiologicalsignificance 生理学意义Thermodynamic热动力Catalyst催化剂Specificity特异性Allosteric regulation 变构调节Covalent modification 共价修饰transition state 过渡态Induced-fit Hypothesis 诱导契合学说Activation energy 活化能Proximity and orientation effects 邻近和定向排列效应Electrostatic effects 静电效应Acid-base catalysis 酸碱催化Covalent catalysis 共价催化Velocity 速率International unit 国际单位Katal 催量Specific activity 比活性Michaelisconstant 米氏常数theaffinity 亲和力Turnover number 转换数Optimum temperature 最适温度Bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线Hyperbolic 双曲线Double-reciprocal plot 双倒数曲线irreversible inhibition 不可逆抑制reversible inhibition 可逆抑制organophosphorous compounds 有机磷酸化合物competitiveinhibition 竞争性抑制non-competitiveinhibition 非竞争性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition 反竞争性抑制sulfanilamide磺胺类药物tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸rate-limiting enzymes 限速酶Allosteric regulation 变构调节Negative cooperativity 正协同效应Positive cooperativity负协同效应Aspartatetranscarbamylase 天冬氨酸-转氨甲酰酶Covalent modification 共价修饰Methylation甲基化Acetylation乙酰化Adenylation腺苷酸化Zymogen 酶原Proteolysis 蛋白水解Autodigestion 自消化Pathogenesis 发病机理Phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿症Lipidsoluble 脂溶性Liquidsoluble 水溶性Beriberi脚气病 Dermatophytosis脚气Riboflavin 核黄素Nicotinic Acid 烟酸Retinol 视黄醇Retinaldehyde 视黄醛Retinoic acid 视黄酸-carotene -胡萝卜素Cholecaciferol 胆钙化醇Tocopherol 生育酚Phylloquinone 叶绿醌 糖复合物Monosaccharide 单糖Oligosaccharide 寡糖Polysaccharide 多糖Side-chain 侧链Lysosome 溶酶体Repertoire 总汇N-glycosidic bond 糖苷键Asn 天冬酰胺Ser 丝氨酸Thr 苏氨酸Glutatransferase 糖基转移酶Glycosidehydrolases糖苷水解酶Ribosome核糖体humanchorionicgonadotrophin人绒毛膜促性腺激素malignanttransformation恶性转移ulcer溃疡H.pyloribacterium幽门螺旋杆菌Lectin凝集素Peroxisome过氧化物酶体Mitochondria线粒体endoplasmicreticulum内质网nucleus细胞核coreprotein核心蛋白Uronicacid 糖醛酸Osamine糖胺Iduronicacid艾杜糖醛酸Glucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸Anti-coagulation抗凝Lubricationaction润滑作用Cellular recognition细胞识别Hydrophobic疏水的Hydrophilic亲水的Fattyacid脂肪酸Sphingosine鞘氨醇Acyl-coenzymeA脂酰辅酶ACeramidegalactosyltransferase神经酰胺半乳糖基转移酶Cerebrosidesulfotransferase脑苷脂磺基转移酶connectivetissue结蹄组织 tendon 肌腱ligament 韧带cornea 角膜cartilage 软骨triple helix 三螺旋coiled coil 卷曲螺旋Anchoraging 锚定Monomer 单体disufied bond 二硫键Homologous-repeating domain同源重复结构域swallow function 吞噬功能Atherosclerotic 动脉粥样硬化Septicemia 败血病Trimer 三聚体第七章 核苷酸代谢嘌呤：purine腺嘌呤：adenine鸟嘌呤：guanine次黄嘌呤：hypoxanthine黄嘌呤：xanthine嘧啶：pyrimidine胞嘧啶：cytosine尿嘧啶：uracil胸腺嘧啶：thymidine核苷：nucleoside核苷酸：nucleotide从头合成途径：de novo pathway5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸：5-phosphoribose-1-pyrophosphate(PRPP)磷酸核糖焦磷酸激酶：phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸酰胺转移酶：glutamine PRPP amidotransferase腺苷酸代琥珀酸合成酶：adenylosuccinate synthetase腺苷酸代琥珀酸裂解酶：adenylosuccinate lyase补救合成途径：salvage pathway腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶：adenine phosphoribosyl transferase次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶：hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase腺苷激酶：adenosine kinase核酸酶：nuclease核苷酸酶：nucleotidase核苷磷酸化酶：nucleotide phosphorylase脱氨酶：deaminase尿酸：uric acid痛风：gout别嘌呤醇：allopurinol严重联合免疫缺陷综合征：severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)氨甲酰磷酸合成酶：carbamoyl phosphate transferase 天冬氨酸氨甲酰转移酶：aspartate transcarbamoylase乳清酸：orotate嘧啶磷酸核糖转移酶：pyrimidinine phosphoribosyltransferase尿苷激酶：uridine kinase-丙氨酸：-alanine-氨基异丁酸：-aminoisobutyrate核糖核苷酸还原酶：ribonucleotide reductase硫氧还蛋白：thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白还原酶：thioredoxin reductase胸苷合酶：thymidylate synthase胸苷激酶：thymidylate kinase6-巯基嘌呤：6-mercapto purine(6-SH)氮杂丝氨酸：azaserine氨蝶呤：aminopterin氨甲蝶呤：methotrexate 5-氟尿嘧啶：5-fluorouracil第八章 血肝胆生化非蛋白氮：non-protein nitrogen 白蛋白（清蛋白） ：albumin 球蛋白：globulin 2,3-BPG: 2,3 diphosphate glycerate 血红蛋白：hemoglobin 卟啉：porphyrin 原卟啉：protoporphyrin 血红素：heme -氨基-酮戊酸：-aminolevulinic acid, ALA ALA合酶：ALA synthase ALA脱水酶：ALA dehydratase 亚铁螯合酶：ferrochelatase 高铁血红素：hematin 促红细胞生成素：erythropoietin ,EPO 运铁蛋白：transferrin 铁蛋白：ferritin 生物转化：transformation 氧化反应：oxidation reaction 还原反应：reduction reaction 水解反应：hydrolysis reaction 结合反应：conjugation reaction 葡萄糖醛酸：glucuronic acid 乙醇：ethanol 乙醛：acetaldehyde 乙酸：acetic acid 脱氢酶：dehydrogenase 胆汁酸：bile acid 游离胆汁酸：free bile acid 结合胆汁酸：conjugated bile acid 初级胆汁酸：primary bile acid 次级胆汁酸：secondary bile acid 胆酸：cholic acid 鹅脱氧胆酸：chenodeoxycholic aicd 甘氨胆酸：glycocholic acid 牛黄胆酸：taurocholic acid 甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸：glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid 牛黄鹅脱氧胆酸：tauro-chenodeoxycholic acid 脱氧胆酸：deoxycholic acid 石胆酸：lithocholic acid 7-羟化酶：7- hydroxylase 胆汁酸的肠肝循环：entero hepatic circulation of bile acid 胆色素：bile pigment 胆绿素：biliverdin 胆红素：bilirubin 胆素：bilin 血红素加氧酶：hemeoxygenase, HO 未结合胆红素（游离胆红素，间接胆红素） ：unconjugated bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. 结合胆红素（直接胆红素） ：conjugated bilirubin, direct bilirubin. UDP-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶：UDP-