大学英语四级语法省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

大学英语四级大学英语四级-语法篇语法篇第1页时态复习时态复习第2页 时时 态态 第3页第4页l时间状语从句当中时态：l普通过去时全部过去l用 普通现在时表示现在和未来l现在完成时现在完成和未来完成第5页非谓语动词非谓语动词第6页非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式不定式 l1)形式形式l主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式普通式普通式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing第7页la)完成式完成式:不定式普通形式所表示动作不定式普通形式所表示动作,通常与主要谓通常与主要谓语表示动作语表示动作(状态状态)同时同时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生,或是在它之或是在它之后发生后发生.假如不定式所表示动作假如不定式所表示动作,在谓语所表示动作在谓语所表示动作(状态状态)之前发生之前发生,就要用不定式完成式就要用不定式完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.第8页lb)进行式进行式:假如主要谓语表示动作假如主要谓语表示动作(状态状态)发生时发生时,不定式表示动作正在进行不定式表示动作正在进行,这时这时要用不定式进行式要用不定式进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.第9页lc)完成进行式:在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行动作,就要用不定式完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.第10页ld)被动式:当不定式逻辑上主语是不定式所表示动作承受者时,不定式普通要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.第11页l2)功用:不定式能够作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.第12页l3)不带不带to 不定式不定式:la)在在“动词动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中结构中,假如动词假如动词是表示感觉意义是表示感觉意义see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等等,或是表示或是表示“致使致使”意义意义 have,make,let等等,其后不定式结构不带其后不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.l这类结构转换为被动语态时这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面不带后面不带to 不定不定式普通还原为带式普通还原为带to 不定式不定式.She was made to tell him everything.第13页lb)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.第14页lc)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.（一顿咒骂）Iveheardtellofhim.（听说、听到）第15页ld)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to不定式,也可用带to不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?le)在介词except,but之后,假如其前有动词do某种形式,不定式普通不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Theresnochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.第16页lf)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.l出现在句中其它位置时,其后不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.第17页lg)用作补语动词不定式,假如主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等组成，并带有do某种形式，这时，作为主语补语不定式能够省to，也能够不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.第18页l4)不定式其它使用方法la)tooto结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.lenoughto结构则表示必定意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.lnottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式普通不表示否定意义:Hesonlytoopleasedtohelpher.lsoas(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.第19页lb)假如要说明不定是表示动作是谁做,能够在不定式前加一个for引发短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.l在以一些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引发短语,来说明不定式指是谁情况:Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.Itsveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itsunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.第20页动名词动名词l含有动作性特征名词含有动作性特征名词l1)是名词seeingisbelievingl2)含有动词性特征能够带宾语第21页一)动名词形式:l普通形式：Idontlikeyousmoking.l完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.l被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.第22页二)动名词常考点l1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数l2)在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词宾语是动名词做为介词宾语是动名词l3)动名词否定直接在其前加否定词动名词否定直接在其前加否定词,经过代词宾格或全经过代词宾格或全部格形式给出逻辑主语部格形式给出逻辑主语.lIwouldappreciate_backthisafternoonlAyoutocallByoucallCyoucallingDyourecalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）lIregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.第23页4)有些词后只能接动名词ladmit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;canthelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.第24页另外还有一些接另外还有一些接-ing形式惯用说法形式惯用说法litsnogood;itsno/little/hardlyany/use;itsnot/hardly/scarcelyuse;itsworthwhile;spendmoney/time;theresno;theresnopointin;theresnothingworsethan;whatstheuse/point.第25页5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可lremember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。形式，意义截然不容。lI remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来动作)lI remembered posting/having posting the letters(我记得这个动作)lforgot与remember使用方法类似。lI regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你lI regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前离开而遗憾。第26页ltry to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.ltry ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.lI mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。lTo raise wage means increasing purchasing power.意味着赠加工资意味着增加购置力。第27页prefer使用方法：使用方法：l我宁愿在这里等。lI prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意话，我就等下去。）lI prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）lI prefer swimming to cycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）第28页分分 词词l3.分词l1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有来自及物动词,有来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostcausealosingbattleaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordaspeakingbirdaclosedshoptheclosinghourarecordedtalkarecordingmachine第29页l来自不及物动词过去分词极少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这么用仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitorsl用作后置修饰语过去分词普通都带有修饰语或其它成份,在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.第30页l2)句法作用la)作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区l分词还可组成合成词作定语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单房间,clear-cutanswer明确回复,highly-developedindustry高度发展工业,heartfeltthanks衷心感激,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造卫星第31页lb)作补足语:能够带过去分词作宾语补足语动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.lmake,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义动词:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.llike,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义动词:Idontwantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewontlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.第32页lc)过去分词短语惯用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.l过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.l有时也可说明动作发生时间,相当于一个表示时间状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.l间或也可表示一个假设情况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.l偶然也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.第33页虚拟语气虚拟语气条件句/10/10第34页三种基本形式三种基本形式lIfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)lIfhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)lIfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(从句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)第35页if省略省略l1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.l2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.l3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.第36页If onlylIfonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.lIfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.lIFonlyhedidntdrivesofast.lIfonlyhehadaskedsomeonesadvice.lIfIcouldonlygototheconcert.lIfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.第37页I wishlIwishIknewtheanswer.lIwishIhadknowntheaddress.lIwishIwereyoung.lIwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.lIwishedIknewhisaddress.(发生在过去=IwassorryIdidntknowhisaddress.)lIwishedIwereyoung.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.)第38页Would ratherlIwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.lIdratheryoucametomorrow.lIdrather(that)hepainteditblue.lIwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.第39页It is(high)time that.lItistimewe_(leave).lItistimewe_(go)tobed.lItshightimethatyouwereinbed.lItsabouttimeweleft.第40页Its important that.lItisimportantthatwe_(speak)politely.lItisimperativethatwe_(practice)criticismandself-criticismlstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing第41页I insist thatlIinsistthatwe_(go)therebybus.lHesuggestedthatwe_(leave)early.lThejudgeorderedthattheprisoner_(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.第42页这些动词和名词后从句为这些动词和名词后从句为should+Vladvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desirel(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command第43页My suggestion.lMysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.lOuronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.lrequestcommand necessityimportancemotionproposalresolutionrecommendationunderstanding第44页but for,otherwise,withoutlThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.lIusedmycalculator;otherwiseIdhavetakenmuchlonger.lSupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?lWithoutyoutimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.第45页情态动词情态动词l情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝说、意愿等概念或态度。主要情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情态动词没有些人称和数改变，其后常跟不带to不定式。第46页1.情态动词普通使用方法：情态动词普通使用方法：l(1)表示能力:can,could,beabletolHe is over 80 but still can read withoutglasses.lShecouldntcomeyesterday.lHecantcometomorrow.第47页lcan/could与beableto使用方法比较l1）beableto除有普通现在时、普通过去时、普通未来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing形式等。lThisistheinformationIvebeenabletogetsofar.lTobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.lJustbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisntmuchhelptous.l2)could表示过去总、经常性能力；was/wereableto表示过去详细情况下含有能力，而且做了某动作。lHecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.l3)表示未来能力惯用willbeableto.lWhenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?第48页(2)表示许可：表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnotl1)咨询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式场所，can用于非正式场所，could用于客气问询，might极少用。lYoucangoatfouroclock.lCouldIborrowyourpen?lStudentsmaytake3bookseach.lMightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?l2)表示“不允许”用cant,maynot,mustnt；mustnot语气重。lYoucantleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.lPutthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!l3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其它表示方式。lWehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.l但在间接引语中表示过去“许可”，可用could，might。lThenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.第49页(3)表示可能性：表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;cantl1）may,might用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示可能性大些。lWhyisntJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.lmaybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybeheissick.l2)在日常口语中惯用can/could表示“可能”。lYou can/could walk for miles in the country without meetinganyone.lCanthenewsbetrue?No,itcantbetrue.l3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“必定不”、“必定不会”。lYoumustbehungryafteralongwalk.lThephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecantbeathome.第50页（4）表示必须和需要：）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,needl1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“无须”。lYoumustbehereatnineoclock.lMustyougosoon?No,Ineedntgoyet.l2)haveto表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。lIhavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.lWedonthavetowearuniformsinschool.ll口语中惯用havegotto表示“必须”。lIhavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.第51页l3)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；必定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。lNeedhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noheneednt.llneed惯用作实义动词。lYouneedtolearnthevalueoftime.lYoudidntneedtotellhimthenews.lDoessheneedtogo?l第52页（5）表示责任和劝说）表示责任和劝说:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter l1)用should和oughtto表示责任和劝说，后者语气重些lYoushould/oughttodoasyouaretold.lSuchthingsshouldnt/oughtnottobeallowed.l2)有时也用must表示责任和劝说。lYoumustseethemovie.Itswonderful.l3)口语中也惯用hadbetter表示劝说，意为“最好做/不做某事”。lYouhadbettertakecareofyourself.lYoudbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.lHadntyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?第53页（6）表示提议：）表示提议：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell l1)“shallI/we”表示征求对方对提议看法。lShallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?lLetsgo,shallwe?l2)may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案，提议另一个做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。lWemayaswellstayheretonight.lYoumightjustaswelltellthetruth.第54页(7)表示许诺：表示许诺：shalllshall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人许诺。lYoushallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.lIfhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.第55页(8)表示意愿：表示意愿：shall,will/wouldl1)you/he/theyshall表示说话人强烈意愿，甚至威胁。lYoushallpayforthis.lTheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.ll在法律条文、规章制度中，shall表示“必须”。lEachcompetitorshallwearanumber.第56页l2)will/would表示动作者愿意。lIwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.lIwontdoitagain.lIhavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywontturn.ll“willyou/wouldyou”在以下句中表示客气提议、问询。lWillyoupleasehaveadrink?lWouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?lWouldyoulikeacupoftea?lWouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?lWouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?llwould还表示过去习惯。等于usedtolOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.l第57页(9)表示勇敢：表示勇敢：dare ldare表示“勇于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。lHedarenottry.lHowdareyouopentheletter?lIfyoudaresayaword,Illstrikeyoudown.lldare还惯用作实义动词。lHedaretosurfinheavywaters.lldaresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.lIdaresayhewillcomehomelate.第58页2.情态动词特殊使用方法情态动词特殊使用方法l（1）情态动词+不定式完成时l1）can/could,may/might,must+have+动词过去分词l用于必定句：表示对过去事件主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“可能”、“一定”已发生。lTomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.lI cant find my sunglasses.I may/might have left them at therestaurantyesterday.lYouscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.l用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“可能”、“一定”没有发生。lShecouldnthavefinishedherworksosoon.lShemaynothaveseenyou.lDadmustnthavewashedthedisheslastnight.第59页l2)should/oughtto+have+动词过去分词。l用于必定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做动作，意为“本应该”。lI didnt ask her.Its a pity.You should haveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.l用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了动作，意为“本不应该”。lIonlytoldMike.Youshouldnthavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.第60页l3)neednt+have+动词过去分词l对过去已经发生动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“无须做”。lIneednthaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.lWewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneednthavegone.第61页(2)情态动词情态动词+不定式进行时不定式进行时 l表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。lShemaybewashingherclothes.lHecantbeworkingnow.lHemustbestudyinginthelibrary.lTheyshouldntbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.第62页(3)情态动词情态动词+不定式完成进行时不定式完成进行时l情态动词+havebeen+动词现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。lHemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.lShemusthavebeenworkingthen.lShe should have been attending a meetingyesterdaymorning.lTheyshouldnthavebeenchattingwhileworking第63页一致关系一致关系第64页在在There be 句型中句型中lThereisnosmokewithoutfire.lThereseemstobelittletimeleft.lThere,here结构中,假如主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近主语一致。lTherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.lHereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.第65页在倒装结构中在倒装结构中lIneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.lHerecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.第66页.as well as,not to mention,along with+名词名词句子中句子中lUnemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.l主语后若跟有