非限定动词与独立结构省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

非限定动词与独立结构非限定动词与独立结构Non-Finite Verb&the Absolute Construction第1页非限定动词（非限定动词（Non-Finite Verb）指在句子中不是谓语动词，即动词非谓语形式。指在句子中不是谓语动词，即动词非谓语形式。非限定动词除了不能独立作谓语外，能够负担非限定动词除了不能独立作谓语外，能够负担句子任何成份。句子任何成份。三种形式：三种形式：不定式（不定式（the Infinitive）Ing-分词（分词（ing-Participle）过去分词（过去分词（the Participle）第2页不定式the Infinitive第3页不定式（不定式（the Infinitive）I.形式形式主动形式被动形式普通式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing第4页II.不定式使用方法不定式使用方法不定式不能单独作谓语，没有些人称和数改变，含有名词、形容词和副词特征，而且还保留着动词特征，因而能够有状语修饰，假如是及物动词，还能够带宾语，从而组成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中能够作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。前面能够加一些疑问代词，如what、who、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，组成特殊不定式短语，如whattodonext,howtogetthere等。第5页III.不定式时态与语态不定式时态与语态做好我们未来规划非常主要。Tomakeaplanforourfutureisimportant./Itisimportanttomakeaplanforthefuture.我没想到后面还有个聚会。Ididntexpecttheretobeapartyahead.看到妈妈回家了，他假装在做作业Whenhesawhismotherback,hepretendedtobedoinghishomework./Seeinghismothercomeback,he第6页能够认识她是我荣幸。Tohaveknownherismygreathonor./Itismygreathonortohaveknownher.对不起，让你久等了!Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.听说John一直研究了一个晚上。Johnissaidtohavebeenstudyingforawholenight./ItwassaidthatJohnhadbeenstudyingforawholenight.第7页得到他人尊重是他发自心扉愿望。Toberespectedbyothersisthedesirefromthebottomofhisheart.我希望能够得到谅解。Iwishtobeexcused.明天举行会议很主要。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.给他这么一个机会，他很开心。Hewasverypleasedtohavebeengivensuchanopportunity.第8页他别无选择，只能等候。Hecoulddonothingbut/exceptwait./Hehadnochoicebuttowait.(之一:but/except前有do某种形式）他只想洗洗手。Whathewantedtodowas（to）washhishands.现在要做就是去除这些乱七八糟东西。Thethingtodonowis(to)clearupthemess.（之二：SVC句型中主语部分有do某种形式）有有do无无to两种情况两种情况第9页我有许多衣服要洗。Ihavemanyclothestowash.(自己洗)我在洗衣服。你有衣服我要洗吗？Imwashingclothes.Doyouhaveanythingtobewashed.(你衣服被我洗。)你要去北京。你有什么东西要带过去吗？YouaregoingtoBj.Doyouhaveanythingtotake?我要去北京。你有什么东西要带过去吗？ImgoingtoBj.Doyouhaveanythingtobetaken?n.+不定式：主动还是被动？不定式：主动还是被动？第10页是目还是结果？Shedecidedtoworkhardertocatchupwiththeothers.他慌忙赶到车站，结果却发觉车已经走了。Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.（不定式作结果状语：出人意料结果）Hebrokethelightcarelessly,makingitdarkallaround.（分词作结果状语：自然而然结果）第11页-ing分词与过去分词分词与过去分词-ing Participle&the Past Participle第12页I.分词组成与形式分词组成与形式形式：-ing分词（V+ing）&过去分词（V+ed）二者主要区分：V+ing表示主动意义或正在进行动作；V+ed表示被动意义或已经完成了动作。Eg：燃烧森林aburningforest（森林自己燃烧）烧伤皮肤burnedskin（皮肤被火烧伤）发展中/发达国家developing/developedcountries第13页II.-ing分词形式主动形式被动形式普通式doing(主动或进行)being done(正在被)完成式 having done(先于谓语动作)having been done(先于谓语动作且是被动)第14页坐在后面同学请朝前面来一点。Thosesittingatthebackmoveabitforwardplease.正在建工程是一个游乐场。Theprojectbeingbuiltisanamusementpark.没见到他，我不好告诉你他长什么样子。Nothavingmethim,Icanttellyouwhatheislike.得到了这么好机会，她怎能放弃呢？Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldshegiveitup?第15页III.过去分词形式因为本身就表示被动或完成意义，所以只有一个形式done。IV.分词使用方法使用方法-ing分词和过去分词（done）主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾补。第16页Telltheboyplayingtherenottomakesomuchnoise.Wecanonlyseethepartofthemoonlightedbythesunlight.Thestoryofhislifesoundsinteresting.Hefeltsatisfiedwithourperformance.(类似词:exciting/excited;disappointing/disappointed;astonishing/astonished;annoying/annoyed;irritating/irritated:-ing分词组成形容词表示事物性质；-ed分词组成形容词表示人情感态度。)第17页Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Givenbetterattention,thetreescouldgrowbetter.Themachinewillbekeptrunningfortwodays.Ourviewshavetobemadeknowntothemall.Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.Iheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.(see,feel,hear,watch,notice后宾补能够是do表示动作全过程；也可是doing，表示动作在进行。)但:我看到小偷在偷一个女钱包。第18页动名词动名词（V-ing）TheGerund第19页I.动名词动名词形式(与现在分词v+ing相同)主动形式被动形式普通式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done第20页吸烟有害健康。Smokingisharmforyourhealth.我为未能恪守诺言到期。Iapologizefornothavingkeptmypromise.他儿子不介意一人呆在家里。Hissondidntmind(his/him)beingleftaloneathome.Afterhavingbeeninterviewed,hewasofferedthejob.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninchess.第21页II.动名词使用方法含有动词特征，可带有自己宾语和状语，组成动名词短语；含有名词特征，能够有自己逻辑主语；在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。E.g.第22页眼见为实！Seeingisbelieving./Toseeistobelieve.他来迟了，让我们很不高兴。Hiscominglatemadeusunhappy.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Whathelikesisplayingchessaftersupper.Hemaybeinthereadingroom.一听说TOM过了考试，我立刻打电话给他。OnhearingthatTomhadpassedhisexamination,Iranghimup.介意我抽烟吗？Wouldyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?第23页III.惯用动名词作宾语动词/短语动词allow,permit,mind,enjoy,finish,abandon，avoid,deny,miss,escape,consider,admit,risk,complete,canthelp,giveup,leaveoff,putoff,keepon第24页IV.动名词与现在分词动名词与现在分词做定语比较做定语比较动名词和它所修饰名词没有逻辑上主谓关系，它多表示被修饰名词功效、用途；现在分词作定语，它与所修饰名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，分词动作是由被修饰名词发出。如：第25页动名词作、现在分词作定语区分动名词(功效、用途)现在分词(与所修饰名词有逻辑主谓关系)sleeping-car卧车sleeping child酣睡孩子working method工作方法working people劳感人民singing practice歌咏练习singing girl歌女第26页既可接不定式又可接动名词做宾语动词意义基本相同：like,start,begintodo/doing意义不一样：Goontodo/doingStopto/doingTrytodo/doingMeantodo/doingRemembertodo/doingForgettodo/doingRegretto/doing第27页常见不定式或分词结构作状语老实/坦白说，说实话tobehonest/frank;totellthetruth普通/严格/坦白说来generally/strictly/franklyspeaking与比较而言，考虑到/鉴于，comparedwith/to;considering/given依据判断judgingfrom/by假定/假如suppose/supposing/supposed;providing/provided;granted/granting(that)第28页非限定隶属结构非限定隶属结构（独立结构）（独立结构）(the Absolute Construction)独立(主格)结构是带有自己逻辑主语结构，功效多样，位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾。独立结构行文简单明了，用词精炼，结构紧凑，常见于正式语体，尤其是文学体裁，使描写生动，形象详细。第29页I.名词名词/主格结构主格结构非限定非限定动词动词(todo/doing/done)这是前两卷，第三卷下星期出来。Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextweek.双方就基本标准达成了一致意见，细节问题以后确定。Thetwopartieshavereachedanagreementonbasicprinciple,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.第30页他妈妈病了，他只好留在家照看她。Hismotherbeingill,hehadtostayathometolookafterher.最终一班车已经走了，他只好步行回家。Thelastbushavinggone,hehadtowalkhome.计划已经定出来了，主要是付诸实践。Theplanhavingbeenmade,whatisimportantistoputitintopractice.第31页任务完成了，他休了三个月假。Thedutycompleted,hehadthreemonthsleave.钱包没找到，我们去找警察。Thepursenotyetfound,wewenttothepolice.第32页II.名词名词/主格代词主格代词无动词分无动词分句句(adj./prep./adv./n.(phrase)她期待地看着他，眼里满是兴奋与好奇。Shelookedathimexpectantly,hereyesfullofexcitementandcuriosity.老师走进教室，一手拿粉笔，一手拿书。Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,chalkinonehand,atextbookintheother.下课了，全部学生都从教室出来了。Classover,allthestudentswentoutfromtheclassroom.第33页她有三个儿子，其中两个是律师。Shehasthreesons,twoofthemlawyers.注意：以上独立结构都可看成是带being分词复合结构省略形式。加入being就变成了分词复合结构,如：Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdone(being)tocomeoutnextweek.Heenteredtheroom,hisnose(being)redwithcold.第34页III.with/without+todo/doing/done/adj./prep./adv.(phrase)我们到了车站，最终一班火车还有5分钟离开。Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.有老人带路，他们两朝着大山出发。Withtheoldmanleadingtheway,thetwostartedtowardsthemountains.第35页全部眼睛都盯着她看，她感到担心。Shefeltnervous,withalleyesfixedonher.冬天不要开窗睡觉。Neversleepwiththewindowopeninthewinter.他妻子下楼了，抱着2岁儿子。Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withhertwo-year-oldsoninherarms.John走了，我们有了更大空间。WithJohnaway,wevegotmoreroom.第36页VI.“Therebeing+名词”结构没钱了，我们只好改变计划。Therebeingnomoneyleft,wehavetochangeourplan.没有多出零件，这个装置不能立马修好。Therebeingnospareparts,theequipmentcouldnotberepairedatonce.第37页独立结构句法功效独立结构句法功效独立结构在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明，偶然也作定语或主语，如：Thebellringing,allthepupilswentintotheclassroom.Weatherpermitting，thefootballmatchwillbeplayednextSunday.Thequestionbeingratherdifficult,wemusttaketimetoconsideritcarefully.第38页Thebravemanfoughttheman-eatingtiger,astickhisonlyweapon.HowcanIworkwithyoumakingallthatnoise?Thewarwasover,withoutashotbeingfired.Alittleboywithtwoofhisfrontteethmissingranintotheroom.Jennyintroublewasthereasonformyrushingthere.第39页历年真题1.Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofus1.Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofus_awalkintheparknearby?_awalkintheparknearby?（）（）A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetakingA.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking2.Lindawas_theexperimentamonthago,2.Lindawas_theexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.()butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.()A.tostartA.tostartB.tohavestartedB.tohavestartedC.tobestartingC.tobestarting D.tohavebeenstartingD.tohavebeenstarting3.Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan3.Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan_.()_.()A.havebeenputinA.havebeenputinB.hasbeenputinB.hasbeenputinC.beingputinC.beingputinD.tobeputinD.tobeputin第40页4.Itisnotuncommonforthere_problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.()A.beingB.wouldbeC.be D.tobe5._atinhisway,thesituationdoesnotseemsodesperate.()A.LookingB.LookedC.BeinglookedD.Tolook6.Thereareonlytenapplesleftinthebaskets,_thespoiltones.()A.notcountingB.nottocountC.dontcountD.havingnotcounted第41页7.Whatsthechanceof_ageneralelectionthisyear?()A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe8.Themeetingwasputoffbecausewe_ameetingwithoutJohn.()A.objectedhavingB.wereobjectedtohavingC.objectedtohaveD.objectedtohaving9.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.()A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink第42页10.Agricultureisthecountryschiefsourceofwealth,wheat_byfarthebiggestcerealcrop.()A.isB.beenC.beD.being11.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_forthat.()A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared12.Time_,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.()A.PermitB.permittingC.permittedD.permits第43页13.AIDissaid_thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen14._ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.()A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All第44页15.MrWells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,_forEuropethisafternoon.()A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leave16.Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because_goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.()A.neitheryounorIareB.neitheryounormeisC.neitheryounorIamD.neithermenoryouare第45页