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专四阅读理解预热(1)
People have been paintingpictures for at least 30,000 years. The earliest pictures were painted by people who huntedanimals. They used to paint pictures of the animals they wanted to catch and kill. Pictures of thiskind have been found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. No one knows why they werepainted there. Perhaps the painters thought that their pictures would help them to catch theseanimals. Or perhaps human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures.
About 5,000 years ago, the Egyptians and other people in the Near East began to use pictures askind of writing. They drew simple pictures or signs to represent things and ideas, and also torepresent the sounds of their language. The signs these people used became a kind ofalphabet.The Egyptians used to record information and to tell stories by putting picture writing andpictures together. When an important person died, scenes and stories from his life were paintedand carved on the walls of the place where he was buried. Some of these pictures are like moderncomic strip stories. It has been said that Egypt is the home of the comic strip. But, for theEgyptians, pictures still had magic power. So they did not try to make their way of writing simple.The ordinary people could not understand it.
By the year 1,000 BC, people who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea had developed asimpler system of writing. The signs they used were very easy to write, and there were fewer ofthem than in the Egyptian system. This was because each sign, or letter, represented only onesound in their language. The Greeks developed this system and formed the letters of the Greekalphabet. The Romans copied the idea, and the Roman alphabet is now used all over the world.
These days, we can write down a story, or record information, without using pictures. But we stillneed pictures of all kinds: drawing, photographs, signs and diagrams. We find them everywhere: inbooks and newspapers, in the street, and on the walls of the places where we live and work.Pictures help us to understand and remember things more easily, and they can make a storymuch more interesting.
1. Pictures of animals were painted on the walls of caves in France and Spain because ______.
A. the hunters wanted to see the pictures
B. the painters were animal lovers
C. the painters wanted to show imagination
D. the pictures were thought to be helpful
2. The Greek alphabet was simpler than the Egyptian system for all the following reasons EXCEPT that ______.
A. the former was easy to write
B. there were fewer signs in the former
C. the former was easy to pronounce
D. each sign stood for only one sound
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE
A. The Egyptian signs later became a particular alphabet.
B. The Egyptians liked to write comic?strip stories.
C. The Roman alphabet was developed from the Egyptian one.
D. The Greeks copied their writing system from the Egyptians.
4. In the last paragraph, the author thinks that pictures ______.
A. should be made comprehensible
B. should be made interesting
C. are of much use in our life
D. have disappeared from our life
专四阅读理解预热(2)
As the merchant class expandedin the eighteenth century in North American Colonies, the silversmith and the coppersmithbusinesses rose to serve it. Only a few silversmiths were available in New York or Boston in the lateseventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century they could be found in all major colonial cities.No other colonial artisans rivaled the silversmiths’ prestige. They handled the most expensivematerials and possessed direct connections to prosperous colonial merchants. Their products,primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers’prominence.
Silver stood as one of the surest ways to store wealth at a time before neighborhoodbanks existed. Unlike the silver coins from which they were made, silver articles were readilyidentifiable. Often formed to individual specifications, they always carried the silversmith’s distinctivemarkings and consequently could be traced and retrieved. Customers generally secure the silverfor the silver object they ordered. They saved coins, took them to smiths, and discussed the typeof pieces they desired. Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a smallfurnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks.They hammered these ingots to the appropriate thickness by hand, shaped them and presseddesigns into them for adornment. Engraving was also done by hand. In addition to plates andbowls, some customers sought more intricate products, such as silver teapots. These were madeby shaping or casting parts separately and then soldering them together. Colonial coppersmith alsocome of age in the early eighteenth century and prospered in northern cities. Copper
s ability toconduct heat efficiently and to resist corrosion contributed to its attractiveness. But because it wasexpensive in colonial America, coppersmiths were never very numerous. Virtually all copper workedby Smiths was imported as sheets or obtained by recycling old copper goods. Copper was usedfor practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty. Coppersmiths employed it to fashion potsand kettles for the home. They shaped it in much the same manner as silver or melted it in afoundry with lead or tin. They also mixed it with zinc to make brass for maritime and scientificinstruments.
1.According to the passage, which of the following eighteenth century developments had strongimpact on silversmiths
A. A decrease in the cost of silver.
B. The invention of heat efficient furnaces.
C. The growing economic prosperity of colonial merchants.
D. The development of new tools used to shape silver.
2. In colonial America, where did silversmiths usually obtain the material to make silver articles
A. From their own mines.
B. From importers.
C. From other silversmiths.
D. From customers.
3.The passage mentions all of the following as uses for copper in Colonial America EXCEPT ______.
A. cooking pots
B. scientific instruments
C. musical instruments
D. maritime instruments
4.According to the passage, silversmiths and coppersmiths in colonial America were similar in whichof the following ways
A. The amount of social prestige they had.
B. The way they shaped the metal they worked with.
C. The cost of the goods they made.
D. The practicality of the goods they made
专四阅读理解预热(3)
On January 10,1962, anenormous piece of glacier broke away and tumbled down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mereseven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain; it hadtaken the lives of 4,000 people.
This disaster is one of the most “devastating”examples of a very common event: an avalanche ofsnow or ice. Because it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. It just keepspiling up higher and higher. Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so greatthat the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. But most avalanches occur long before thishappens. As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightestvibration will send it sliding into the valley below.
Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian catastrophe was particularlyterrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. It is estimated that the ice that broke offweighed three million tons. As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough,it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the sixvillages that lay in its path.
At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but, luckily, they arevery rare. Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try tounderstand what causes them. In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can befound and removed before they take human lives.
1. The first paragraph catches the reader's attention with a _____.
A. First hand report
B. dramatic description
C. tall tale
D. vivid world picture
2. In this passage "devastating" means ______.
A. violently ruinous
B. spectacularly interesting
C. stunning
D. unpleasant
3. The passage is mostly about ______.
A. avalanches
B. glaciers
C. Peru
D. Mountains
专四阅读理解预热(4)
Three English dictionariespublished recently all lay claim to possessing a “ne w” feature. The BBC English Dictionary containsbackground information on 1,000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; theOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries;the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.
The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly “cultural” as well aslanguage learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element isnot identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult.
While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford andLongman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic oncontent whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural biasthan the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of theworld from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of theBBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recordedfrom the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years,their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in thenews recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Ser vice whowill have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.
In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners,as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of thesedictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world viewswhich are tot ally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners form this kindof background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definiteviews about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.
1. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?
A. The combination of two dictionaries into one.
B. The new approach to defining words.
C. The inclusion of cultural content.
D. The increase in the number of entries.
2. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because ______.
A. its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking world
B. it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countries
C. it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking people
D. it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries
3. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a dictionary, socialthought should be given to ___ ___.
A. the language levels of its users
B. the number of its prospective purchasers
C. the different tastes of its users
D. the various cultural backgrounds of its users
专四阅读理解预热(5)
There are some earth phenomenayou can count on, but the magnetic field, someday is not of them. It fluctuates in strength, driftsfrom its axis, and every few 100,000 years undergo, dramatic polarity reversal—a period whenNorth Pole becomes South Pole and South Pole becomes North Pole. But how is the fieldgenerated, and why is it so unstable?
Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on themystery. Using 80 meters of deep sea sediment core, they have obtained measurements ofmagnetic-field intensity that span 11 polarity reversals and four million years. The analysis revealsthat intensity appears to fluctuate with a clear, well-defined rhythm. Although the strength of themagnetic field varies irregularly during the short term, there seems to be an inevitable long termdecline preceding each polarity reversal. When the poles flip—a process that takes several hundredthousand years—the magnetic field rapidly regains its strength and the cycle is repeated.
The results have caused a stir among geophysicists. The magnetic field is though t to originatefrom molten iron in the outer core, 3000 kilometers beneath the earth's surface. By studyingmineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers havealready been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the most recentswitch 730,000 year s ago. How and why they occur, however, has been widely debated. Severaltheories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts. But Peter Olson, ageophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, says this is unlikely if the Frenchresearchers are right. In fact, Olson says intensity that predictably declines from one reversal to thenext contradicts 90 percent of the models currently under study. If the results prove to be validgeophysicists will have a new theory to guide them in their quest to understand the earth's innerphysics. It certainly points the direction for future research.
1. Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the passage?
A. Polarity Reversal: A Fantastic Phenomenon of Nature.
B. Measurement of the Earth's Magnetic-Field Intensity.
C. Formation of the Two Poles of the Earth.
D. A New Approach to the study of Geophysics.
2. What have the two French geophysicists discovered in their research?
A. Some regularity in the changes of the earth's magnetic field.
B. Some causes of the fluctuation of the earth's magnetic field.
C. The origin of the earth's magnetic field.
D. The frequency of polarity reversals.
3. The French geophysicists' study is different from currently prevailing theories in ______.
A. its identification of the origin of the earth's magnetic field
B. the way the earth's magnetic intensity is measured
C. its explanation of the shift in the earth's polarity
D. the way the earth's fluctuation rhythm is defined
4. In Peter Olson's opinion the French experiment ______.
A. is likely to direct further research in the inner physics of the earth
B. has successfully solved the mystery of polarity reversals
C. is certain to help predict
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