现在完成时被动语态小结和专项练习.doc

现在完毕时（The present perfect tense）的用法小结一、构成：助动词have / hasp.p（动词的过去分词）二、用法：现在完毕时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表达过去发生或已经完毕的某一动作对现在导致的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（历来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 副词的位置：just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .never表达否认, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has主语ever 过去分词？“曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表达过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： for表达一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。 since表达过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. since表达过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. since一段时间ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、现在完毕时态中可以和表达一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all ones life）连用的动词必须是表达延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?四、延续性动词的现在完毕时可和涉及“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表达一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）五、英语中尚有一些动词的意义决定它们所表达的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完毕时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表达一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（） 但在否认句中，非延续性动词也可用表达一段时间的状语来修饰，如I havent heard from my father for a long time. We havent seen him since 1999.六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表达一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all ones life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:（1）用副词ago把现在完毕时的句子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It is / has been时间since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）（3）用“时间has passedsince一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.How long has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in /at / be here /be there, begin / startbe on , openbe open , closebe closed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall illbe ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amember, join the armybe in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letterhave a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy, 他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完毕时?一般过去时和现在完毕时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1） 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。现在完毕时表达过去发生的某一动作对现在导致的影响,强调的是现在。如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）（2）一般过去时可以和表达过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完毕时不能和表达过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all ones life等八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加ed（d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got, sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heardpay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt spelt keep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn与原形相同:hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-readset-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut尚有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:1)原形中的元音字母有变化:ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swumbegin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2) 在原形上加en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- writtenbe-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3)在原形上加n:see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4)在过去式上加n:steal-stole-stolen break-brokenbroken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6)与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become7)原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化: learn learned-learned shine shined-shined smell smelled-smelledlearnt-learnt shone-shone smelt-smeltwake waked-waked spell spelled-spelled woke-woken spelt spelt 现在完毕时专项练习1. 现在完毕时的结构：_2. 至少写出10个短暂性动词和其相应的延续性动词：_ _ 典型例题解析一. 选择填空1.( ) Mr. Dong _ actually _ in Kowloon Walled City since he was very young. A. have lived B. haslived C. havelive D. has living2.( )-Do you know Yao Ming very well?-Of course !.I _a lot of news about him on TV so far.A. read B. am reading C. have read D. reads3.( )-Now Nanjing is so beautiful that I cant recognize it when I came back.-Yes. Great changes _ in the past ten years.A. has taken place B. have taken place C. took place D. take place4.( )-Where is my English book ? -I _it here but I cant find it now. A. putted B. have just put C. was putting D. am putting5.( )Its 7:30. I cant believe you _ cooking dinner yet, Sandy. A. didnt start B. havent started C. dont start D. wont start 6.( ) Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had madehave tried B. madehave triedC. has madetried D. madetried7.( ) “He _to draw horses already”. “When _ he learn?” “Last year” A.learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid8.( ) Tom _up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there ! A. has getis B. has climbedwas C. got was D. climbedis9.( ) _ you _ the text _ ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Didcopyyetdid B. Havecopiedalreadyhave C. Havecopiedyetdid D. Did copyeverhad10.( ) -Have you got the plan ready _? -No,_.A. already , not yet B. yet , not yet C. already , I havent D. ever , not yet二. 用动词的对的形式填空1. We _(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.2. -_Oxfam Trailwalker _(be) one of Hong Kongs biggest fund-raising events since 1981? -Yes , it_. 3. Tsunami _(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.4. My father _ (read) the novel twice.5. - The door is open. Who _ (open) it? Do you know?- Sorry, I dont know.6. -She _(buy) a Hello Kitty for you , hasnt she?-Yes, she _.She _(buy) it in Sanrio Puroland last summer.7. This is the nicest park I _(see).8. -Are you sure you_(lose) your dictionary?-Yes, I _(look) for it everywhere , but I still cant find it.9. The children _ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning.10. They _ (study) English for a long time.三. 对下列句子划线部分提问：1.Miss Brown has taught English for 15 years.( 改为一般疑问句句，并作肯定回答）_2.The soldiers have already planted some trees on the river bank.（改为否认句）_3.He has planted some trees in front of his house._4.Daniel has collected some Chinese stamps._5.The two Australian teachers have visited that village twice._6.My friend has been away for about a month._7.Millie hasnt come because he is ill._8.She will be back in two days.(用for two days 改写)_四.句型转换1. The dress is very beautiful. I want to buy it very much. (同义句)The dress is beautiful I want to buy it very much.2. He can help us because he has organized a charity show before. (对划线部分提问) _ _ he _ us?3. I wonder who can join in this party. (同义句) I wonder who can _ _ _ this party.4. To join the Riding Club is fun. (用it改写) _ is _ _ _ the Riding Club.5. We learnt Japanese last year. (同义句) Japanese _ _ _ _ _ _ . 6. I have known Sandy since three years ago. (对划线部分提问) _ _ _ you _ Sandy?7. They borrowed the book three days ago. （同义句） They _ _ the book _three days.8. He is watching TV now. (用at that time改写) He _ _ TV at that time.9. Ill show my friend these photos when I come back. (同义句)Ill show these photos my friend I come back.10.Millie spent at least 50 yuan on the dictionary. (同义句)Millie at least 50 yuan the dictionary.Millie at least 50 yuan the dictionary.The dictionary Millie at least 50 yuan.五. 根据汉语提醒完毕句子1你最近收到你爸爸的来信了吗？_ you _ _ your father _ ?2. 我已经很长时间没有拜访过我姑姑了。I _ _ my aunt _ _ _ _.3. Simon曾经去过几次中国。Simon _ _ _ China for _ _ _.4. 他们已经去电影院了。They _ _ _ _ the cinema.5. Smith夫妇还没有回来。 The Smiths _ _ _ _.被动语态（the Passive Voice)用法小结一语态语态是表达主语和谓语的关系的。假如主语是动作的执行者，动词要用积极语态；假如主语是动作的承受者，动词就要用被动语态。二被动语态的基本结构 be + 过去分词（人称.数. 时态的变化都体现在助动词be的变化上）三. 被动语态合用情况1 当我们不知道动作的执行者时；2 我们不必提出动作执行者时；3 要强调动作承受者时；4 出于行文的需要四. 积极句与被动句的转换积极句的结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 其它成分被动句的结构：宾语+be +动词过去分词+by +主语(宾格) +其它成分 可以省略e.g. People use English freely. (积极句） English is used (by people)freely. (被动句）五被动语态的几种时态（时态是表达行为动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式）一般现在时结构：主语am / is / are +过去分词e.g. 积极句：She cleans her room every day. 被动句：Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. (肯定句）否认句：Her room isnt cleaned (by her) every day.一般疑问句：Is her room cleaned (by her) every day?注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与积极句的时态一致2.一般过去时结构：主语was / were +过去分词e.g. 积极句：The workers made the VCD last week. 被动句：The VCD was made by the workers last week.(肯定句) 否认句: The VCD wasnt made by the workers last week.一般疑问句：Was the VCD made by the workers last week?3. 一般将来时结构：主语will be +过去分词e.g. 积极句：My father will send me to America soon. 被动句：肯定句：I will be sent to America by my father soon. 否认句：I wont be sent to America by my father soon.一般疑问句：Will you be sent to America by your father soon?4. 现在完毕时结构：主语have / has +been + 过去分词e.g. 积极句: The boy has finished the work. 被动句:肯定句: The work has been finished by the boy. 否认句: The work hasnt been finished by the boy. 一般疑问句: Has the work been finished by the boy?六. 被动语态中的特殊情况1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.被动句：The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class. e.g. They look after the new students in the school.被动句：The new students are looked after by them in the school.2.当动词带有复合宾语(有宾补), 并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。例如：使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel等）e.g. They make us do all the work.被动句：We are made to do all the work by them.e.g. We often hear her sing songs.被动句：She is often heard to sing songs by us.e.g. I saw him walk to school.被动句：He was seen to walk to school by me.当动词带有复合宾语(宾补)，其宾补是带有“to”的动词不定式时，和一般的被动句变化同样。e.g. Lily asks me to help Lucy.被动句：I am asked to help Lucy by Lily.3.当动词带双宾语时(一个宾语是指人，一个是指物)，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加“to”或“for” 。常见的动词有teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, telle.g. They give me some apples.被动句：I am given some apples by them. Some apples are given to me by them.e.g. He told the child some stories.被动句：The child was told some stories by him. Some stories were told to the child by him.e.g.Jack teaches us English.被动句：We are taught English by Jack. English is taught to us by Jack. e.g. She bought me a book.被动句：I was bought a book by her.(语法对的,不用) A book was bought for me by her. 没有被动语态的动词 1.表达