2023年军考专升本英语模拟.docx

2023年军考大专生英语模拟
考试时长：120分钟；考试分数：100分
一． 迅速阅读（共10分，每题1分）
If it weren't for nicotine, people wouldn't smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people's moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses.
Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smoker's brain and very being?
The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.
First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans).
As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn't released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker's first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. 
Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure.
Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurons—ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbor, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse.
The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there's a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
问题1~7，符合文章内容旳填写Y；不符合文章内容旳填写N；文章未提及旳填写NG。
问题8~10，根据文章内容补充句子。
1. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.
2. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking.
3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people's abilities to perform some actions more quickly.
4. Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.
5. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.
6. Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.
7. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.
8. Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by ________________ to prevent them from being addictive.
9. According to the passage, a cigarette can raise a smoker's heart rate by ______________ a minute.
10. In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone sends ________________ known as neurotransmitters.
二． 选择填空（共20分，每题1分）
11. We most prefer to say yes to the____of someone we know and like.
A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises
12. There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some____ and then let me know.
A. thought　　 B. support　　 C. protection　　 D. authority　　
13. He gave himself a new name to hide his____when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion　　 B. talent　　 C. identity　　 D. treasure　　
14. When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ____and had a bad fall.
A. balance　　 B. chance　　 C. memory　　 D. place　　
15. —Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my____.
A. requests　　 B. excuses　　 C. apologies　　 D. regrets　　
16. Some schools will have to make____in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments　　 B. adjustments　　 C. comments　　 D. achievements　　
17. One of the most effective ways to reduce____is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
A. production　　 B. stress　　 C. energy　　 D. power　　
18. She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful____in last year’s election.
A. symbol B. portrait C. identity D. statue
19. Wind is now the world’s fastest growing ____of power.
A. source B. sense C. result D. root
20. —Did you finish reading that long novel?
—No, I ran out of ____. It’s too long and I only completed half of it.
A. sympathy　　　 B. devotion　　 C. patience　 D. strength
21. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ____all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
22. According to the record, scientists found that temperatures of this summer are above____.
A. ordinary B. common C. average D. usual
23. The discussion topic of this conference ____ environmental protection problems.
A. focused on B. put on C. took on D. carried on
24. It’s her very cleverness_____ makes it difficult for her to work with.
A. what B. for that C. which D. That
25. According to the regulation, many kinds of chemical ____ will be forbidden to dump into the river directly.
A. submissions B. substances C. subjects D. subordinates
26.—Did you sleep well last night?
—No, the loud noise from the street____ me awake for hours.
A. had kept B. is keeping C. has kept D. kept
27.—Have you told your parents about your decision?
—Not yet. I can hardly imagine ____ they will react.
A. what B. that C. how D. when
28. I think the biggest problem I banning smoking is____ people can buy cigarettes easily.
A. that B. whether C. where D. how
29. They are known____ vitamins A, B, C which can help carry____ chemical changes within cells.
A. from, on B. to, with C. as, about D. as, out
30. Most people didn't accept the theory when it was first____.
A. set about B. set off C. put forward D. put out
三． 阅读理解（共30分，每题2分）
Passage 1
How much do you know about nutrition? If your knowledge is similar to that of food shoppers who answered three surveys for the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, then you probably share some wide-spread misinformation about nutrition. Check your answers to the following statements. Is it true or false?
Statement 1: Fresh vegetables cooked at home are always more nutritious than canned or frozen vegetables. False. The nutritional difference depends more on how vegetables are handled or prepared than in whether they are bought fresh or packaged. Overcooking, for example, destroys many nutrients. Vegetables cooked in too much water can lose a significant amount of vitamins.
Statement 2: When dieting, avoid starchy(淀粉类) foods, such as bread or potatoes. False. If you cut out starchy foods, such as peas, potatoes, bread, and rice, you cut out very good sources of several B vitamins, Vitamin C, and other nutrients. Moreover, ounce for ounce, bread and potatoes have fewer calories than sirloin steak and roast beef.
Statement 3: Taking extra vitamins beyond the recommended daily allowances won't give you more energy. True. It's widely believed that extra vitamins provide more energy. But taking more than the body needs doesn't make it function better, just as overfilling your gas tank doesn't make your car run faster.
If you answered these questions correctly, you can for the time being consider yourself well informed about food and nutrition by today's standards. But remember that nutrition is a complex and growing science and that today's beliefs may be changed as new information becomes available.
31. The first paragraph implies that many people ____.
A. are well informed about nutrition
B. don't care about nutrition
C. have much knowledge of nutrition
D. have incorrect ideas about nutrition
32. According to paragraph 2, which is NOT true about nutrition?
A. Overcooking destroys many nutrients.
B. It makes no difference how you prepare vegetables.
C. Both fresh and packaged vegetables are nutritious.
D. Vitamins in vegetable could be lost during cooking.
33. Which is a correct attitude towards starchy food?
A. Starchy foods are unnecessary in a balanced diet.
B. Bread and steak have the same amount of calories per ounce.
C. Valuable nutrients could be found in starchy foods.
D. Starchy foods include only peas, potatoes, bread and rice.
34. The description of "overfilling your gas tank" shows why ____.
A. one should take as much vitamins as possible
B. more than enough vitamins is unnecessary
C. vitamins cost as much as gas
D. doctors recommend allowance of vitamins
35. A good title for this article would be____.
A. Tips of Losing Weight Effectively
B. Test Your Nutrition IQ
C. Nutrition: A Complex Branch of Science
D. Misleading Nutrition Concepts
Passage 2
Long-time exposure to air pollution can lead to physical changes in the brain and cause trouble in learning and memory, and even anxiety. This is suggested by the results of new research on mice.
While other studies have shown the harmful effects of polluted air in the lungs and heart, this is the first to show the negative effect on the brain.
The team of Laura Fonken, Randy Nelson, from the Ohio State University, USA, has spread to the brain a previous line of research which found that fine particulate(微粒) matter floating in the air mainly because of air pollution caused by humans, causes swelling in much of the body, and may be related to high blood pressure problems, and some other diseases.
In the research Fonken and his colleagues exposed mice to polluted air for six hours each day, five days a week, over a period of 10 months, almost half the average life length of mice.
Polluted air contains fine particles created by cars, factories and natural dust. Fine particles of this kind are tiny, about 2.5 micrometers in diameter, or about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. These particles can go deep into lungs and other organs.
The concentration of this particulate material to which they exposed mice is equal to the concentration at which people can be exposed in some polluted urban areas.
After a period of 10 months, the researchers got the animals to have a series of behavioral tests. Both the behavior of mice and the results of neurological(神经旳) tests done to them show that those within the polluted air had more problems in learning and memory, and higher levels of anxiety.
The results suggest that long-time exposure to polluted air can have measurable negative effects on the human brain and can cause a variety of mental health problems. This could have important consequences for those living and working in polluted urban areas.
36. The results of new research on mice first suggest that polluted air mainly does harm to .
A. normal organs B. lungs and heart C. mental health D. blood pressure
37. What harmful effect of polluted air is mentioned in other studies?
A. The harmful effect on learning. B. The harmful effect on all the organs.
C. The harmful effect on lungs and heart D. The harmful effect on improving memory.
38. The ba