2023年成人英语三级语法知识大全.doc

萧十一注：学习语法最佳还是买本语法书合适，电子版翻阅起来有时未免不便，此外有时未免有错误之处。语法书推荐：薄冰英法语法、无敌英语英语、英语语法大全（张道真），各大电子商城均有售 成人英语三级语法知识大全一、句法分析.2 二、词法分析.3 三、时 态.9 四、被动语态.12 五、情态动词.13 六、不定式.15 七、定语从句.18 八、主语从句.23 九、表语从句.24 十、宾语从句.24 十一、同位语从句.25 十二、状语从句.26 十三、虚拟语气.29 十四、动名词.32十五、目前分词.32 十六、过去分词.36 十七、独立主格构造.38 十八、倒装句型.39 十九、强调句型.40 二十、主谓一致.41 二十一、It使用方法.43 一、句法分析 1、主语：是句子要阐明人或物,可以作主语成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ v 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语 v 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语 v 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语 v 4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语 v 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语 v 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语 2、谓语：阐明主语动作，状态或特性 v 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. v 2) His father is an engineer.v 3) She seemed happy. v 4) Li Hua showed me his album. 3、宾语:指是及物动词波及到人或物 v 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus. v 2) The medicine is good for a cold. v 3) How many pieces do you want?v 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions. v 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?v 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight 4、宾语补足语:在宾语背面补充阐明宾语动作、状态、特性。 v 1) The government appointed（任命）her chief delegate （首席代表）to the conference. v 2) I dont believe the story true. v 3) You should put your things in order（有序）. v 4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. v 5) We saw the pupils playing basketball. 5、表语：位于系动词如be之后，阐明主语身份，特性，属性或状态。 v 1)Wangs father is a doctor. v 2) He is always careless. v 3) The basketball match is on. v 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. v 5) Our aim is to win more medals. v 6) His work is teaching French. v 7) The question is who can really repair the machines. 尚有位于如下系动词背面词，咱们也称之为表语： 体现感官：lookseem(看起来) 、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、feel（感觉起来）： He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)她看起来很失望。 The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。 体现变化：get、become、turn(变得)。It becomes hotter and hotter（形容词作表语）. 天变得越来越热了。 6、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用词、短语或句子，翻译常用体现。 v Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students. v His boy needs Toms pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. v The boy needs a ball pen. The best boy here is Tom. v There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. v This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. 7、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，阐明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目等。 v 1) She sings quite well. v 2) On Sundays，there is no student in the classroom. v 3) He sits there，asking for a pen. v 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.v 5) If I have some spare time，I will read some story-books. 8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以阐明成分，近乎于后置定语。如： v We students should study hard. / (students是we同位语，都是指同一批学生） v We all are students. / (all是we同位语，都指同样咱们）二、词法分析 （一）构词法 1.转化法：把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变措施，学位英语最常考是形容词转化为名词。体现颜色形容词常可转化为名词:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 I want to write in red.我想用红笔写字。 某些形容词如old，young，poor，rich，wounded，injured等与the连用，体现一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数 The old in our village are living a happy life.咱们村老年人过着幸福生活。 2.派生法 1)前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般变化单词意义，不变化词性；后缀一般变化词类，而不引起词义变化。 (1)体现否认意义前缀常用有dis-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，mis-，non-，un-等，在单词前面加此类前缀常构成与该词意义相反新词。例如： appear出现disappear消失，correct对旳incorrect不对旳，lead带领mislead领错、误导，stop停下non-stop不停。 (2)体现其她意义前缀常用有a-(多构成表语形容词)，anti- (反对；抵御)，auto- (自动)，co- (共同)，en- (使)，inter- (互相)，re- (再；又)，sub- (下面；次；小)，tele- (强调距离)等。例如： alone单独 antigas防毒气 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作 enjoy使快乐 internet互联网 reuse再用 subway地铁 telephone 2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀一般会变化单词词性，构成意义相近其她词性；少数后缀还会变化词义，变为与本来词义相反新词。 (1)构成名词后缀常用有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一)，-ian (精通人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如： differ不一样于difference区别 write写writer作家 Japan日本Japanese日本人 act演出actress女演员action动作、行为 care细心caerful仔细、认真 music音乐musician音乐家 (2)构成动词后缀常用有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如：widewiden加宽 beautybeautify美化 purepurify提纯 realrealize意识到 organorganize组织 (3)构成形容词后缀常用有-al，-able (有能力)，-(a)n(某国人)，-en (多用于体现材料名词后)，-ern (方向)，-ese(某国人)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (体现否认)，-like (像)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (体现天气)等。例如： nature自然natural自然 reason道理reasonable有道理America美国American美国 China中华人民共和国Chinese中华人民共和国人 gold金子golden金 east东eastern东方 child孩子childish孩子气 snow雪snowy雪 (4)构成副词常用后缀有-ly (重要用于形容词之后体现方式或程度)，-ward(s) (重要用于体现方位词之后体现方向)。例如： angry生气angrily生气地 to到towards朝，east东方eastward向东 3.合成法 1)合成名词 名词名词 weekend周末 名词动词 daybreak黎明 名词动名词 handwriting书法 名词介词名词 editor-in-chief总编辑 动词名词 typewriter打字机 动名词名词 reading-room阅览室 目前分词名词 flying-fish飞鱼 形容词名词 gentleman绅士 副词动词outbreak爆发 2)合成形容词 名词形容词 snow-white洁白 名词目前分词 English-speaking讲英语 名词to名词 face-to-face面对面 名词过去分词 man-made人造 数词名词形容词 two-year-old两岁 数词名词ed five-storeyed五层 形容词名词 high-class高档 形容词名词ed noble-minded崇高 形容词形容词 light-blue浅蓝色 形容词目前分词 good-looking相貌好看 副词形容词 ever-green常青 副词目前分词 hard-working勤快 副词过去分词 well-known著名 副词名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务 介词名词 downhill下坡 3)合成动词 名词动词 sleep-walk梦游 形容词动词 white-wash粉刷 副词动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词 形容词名词 hotfoot匆忙地 形容词副词 everywhere到处 副词副词 however尽管如此 介词名词 beforehand事先 介词副词forever永远 （二）冠词基本使用方法 1. a用于辅音发音开头词前，如：a book；an用于元音发音开头词前，如：an apple，an hour. 请区别：a useful machine，an umbrella，a “u”，an “h”。 2.指上文提到过人或物，用定冠词the；指世界上独一无二事物前用定冠词the. 如：the sun，the moon，the earth。 3.体现人体部位名词前用the：The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.妈妈执着小女孩手，轻轻地拍着她头。 4.the用于序数词，表方位名词和形容词最高档前。the first，the best ，in the south。 5.在复数姓氏前加the，体现一家人，常当作复数。如：the Browns;用于形容词之前体现一类人或事物：the poor(穷人)、the false（假东西） 6用于乐器名称前 play the piano； 7.不能用定冠词the几种方面： (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer，in August (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football(3)某些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school，by bus ,at night. 8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不一样，请注意区别： in front of 在前面，in the front of 在范围内前部 in hospital (生病)住院，in the hospital 在医院里。 （三）名词重点举要 1.名词复数不规则变化 1）由一种词加 man 或 woman构成合成词,，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。 2）除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等均有复数形式。 如：a dollar，two dollars；a meter，two meters。 3）以s结尾，仍为单数名词，如：以复数形式出现书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣故事书。 2. 复合名词复数形式构成 1) 一般把-s加在复合名词中心词上 Brother-in-law-brothers-in-law(堂兄弟们、连襟们)、editor in chief-editors in chief(主编们) 2）将复合名词后一种词变为复数 Boy-friend-boy-friends、tooth-brush-tooth-brushes（牙刷） 3）两个某些都变为复数，尤其是指性别时 Man doctor-men doctors woman teacher-women teachers man writermen writers 3 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一种五年筹划 4 、名词格 语中有些名词可以加s来体现所有关系，带这种词尾名词形式称为该名词所有格，如：a teachers book。the boys bag 男孩书包，mens room 男厕所,the childrens parens孩子父母。若名词已经有复数词尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle 工人斗争。 假如两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则体现分别有；只有一种s，则体现共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间） John and Marys room（一间） （四）连词重点使用方法 1.体现并列关系连词有：and，bothand，not only but also和neithernor 1)and尤其使用方法： 祈使句后连接and，有条件句作用，此时and=if you,youll Go straight on，and youll see the library.=If you go straight on，you will see the library. 2)bothand既也,(两者)都 A、bothand谓语动词一般用复数。 Both Jim and Kate are from England. B、bothand否认句体现某些否认。 Both my father and my mother arent doctors.我父母只有一种人是医生。 3)neithernor:既不也不neithernor连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “人称”和 “数”一致，即采用就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before. 4)not onlybut also:不仅并且 not onlybut also连接两个主语后谓语动词也遵照就近原则。 Not only the mother but also the children are ill. 2.体现转折关系连词有：but，however，yet，still，while等。 Mary was a nice girl，but she had one shortcoming. Tom got up early，yet he failed to catch the train. He was very tired，still he kept on walking. Your composition is fairly good，however，there is still some room for improvement. Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. 3.体现选用关系并列连词有：or，eitheror,whether or等。 1)or：或、否则 A:基本使用方法 or 体现 “或” 意思，使用于两者之中选用一种时候。 -Is your friend English or American?-American. He doesnt like dumplings or noodles. B:尤其使用方法 祁使句后连接or ，表 “假如,否则”,有转折意思，此时 or =if you dont ,youll Hurry up，or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up，youll be late. 2)eitheror:或者或者；不是就是；要么要么 A. eitheror连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “人称”和 “数”一致，即就近原则。 Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English?B. 由eitheror引导否认句是完全否认。 She isnt either a student or a teacher. 3)whetheror不管还是 She is always cheerful，whether at home or at school. 4.体现因果关系并列连词有：for(由于)，so(因此)。 He is not at school today，for he has a bad cold. It was late，so I went home. 5.引导时间状语从句附属连词有：before，after，when，while，as，till，until，since，as soon as After they had planted their crops，they took a rest. We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. As soon as he gets to Beijing，hell call me. 1) as 体现“当时”，引导一种持续性动作，多用于主从句动作同步发生，强调“一边一边”。He sang as he walked. 2)until使用方法：当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主从句都用必然式，译为“直到为止”；当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句用否认式，从句用必然式，即not.until，译为“直到才”。 Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到她孩子们回来)Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到她孩子们回来才睡觉) 6. 引导条件状语从句附属连词有：if(假如)，unless(除非，假如不)等。 If you dont go soon，youll be late.=Unless you go soon，youll be late. 7.引导原因状语从句附属连词有 because，as，since等。 because“由于”语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because，其引导从句可放在句首或句末；as“由于”、since“既然”语气不如because强，引导从句常置于句首；for是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或补充阐明，其引导分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。 He didnt go to school because he was ill. As it was raining，we went there by bus. Since everybody is here，lets begin. It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet. 注意：because与 so不能同步使用。 8.引导让步状语从句附属连词有：although/though(虽然，尽管)，even though/if (虽然) Although/ Though it is a very young country，it is very rich. Even if/ though you were here yesterday，you couldnt help him. 注意：although/though 引导从句不能与but连用，但可与yet，still连用。 9.引导目状语从句附属连词有so that和in order that(以便，为了)等。 The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. 10.引导成果状语从句附属连词有：so that(成果是)和so/suchthat(如此以至于)等。 It was very cold，so that the water in the bowl froze. He got there so early that he got a good seat. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. 11.引导比较状语从句连词：asas(与同样),not as/so as(不如),than(比)等。 I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I cant run as/so fast as you. 注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，假如主句是未来时，从句要用一般目前时。 Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. He wont come unless he is invited. （五）副词、形容词 1.形容词及其使用方法 1）表语形容词只能作表语，此类形容词没有级变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 2）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词前边。不过假如形容词修饰以-thing为字尾词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice. 2.以-ly结尾形容词 大某些形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 3.用形容词体现类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如： The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去但愿。 2）有关国家和民族形容词加上定冠词指这个民族整体，与动词复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如： The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有风趣感。 4形容词与副词比较级 常用双音节或多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高档 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily 7.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否认句或疑问句中可用so as。例如： He cannot run so/as fast as you. 她没你跑得快。 2）用体现倍数词或其她程度副词做修饰语时，放在as前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间面积是那间两倍。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你房间和我同样大。 3）倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of。例如： This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥长度是那座三倍。 This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. 你房间是我两倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 8.可修饰比较级词常用有a little，rather，much，far，many,等 Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai. 假如后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 I have many more books than Tom. There is much more water in the south than in the north. 9. the + 最高档 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高档前一般必要用定冠词 the，副词最高档前可不用。例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大沙漠。 形容词most前面没有the，不体现最高档含义，只体现非常。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要问题。 2）by far一般修饰最高档，This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 这道题是这个练习里最难。 注意：最高档意义有时可