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1．第1题
By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of the Europeans as well as in their religious life.
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2．第2题
The confidence the Europeans had developed in the Central Middle Ages was destroyed by the travails of the Late Middle Ages.
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3．第3题
The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.
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4．第4题
It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the Carthage Empire.
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5．第5题
Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric.
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6．第6题
Since the 3rd century the eastern half of the Roman Empire was more prosperous than the western half.
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7．第7题
Before the rise of Islam, Arabs did not believe in Allah.
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8．第8题
Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.
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9．第9题
judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society.
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10．第10题
According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.
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11．第11题
To allow a person to buy God’s forgiveness and ransom his way out of hell, the Church developed the sale of indulgences.
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12．第12题
The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows.
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13．第13题
In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile systematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.
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14．第14题
Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.
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15．第15题
Hagia Sophia was the perfect representation of Byzantine civilization, which is a mixture of Greek, Roman and Persian cultural elements.
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16．第16题
Before the Carolingian renaissance, cultural and educational standards in Western Europe had already surpassed those of the Byzantine Empire or Muslim world.
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17．第17题
Economic hardship was undoubtedly the major cause for the Jacquerie uprising.
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18．第18题
Troughout the Middle Ages the Iberia Peninsula was marked by unity and plurality.
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19．第19题
During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities and embraced modern values over night.
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20．第20题
Dante was the first Italian writer to compose in his native language rather than in Latin.
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21．第21题
Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms.
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22．第22题
During the period of the Five Good Emperors, smooth hereditary succession guaranteed political stability.
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23．第23题
In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.
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24．第24题
Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamian plain.
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25．第25题
The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.
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26．第26题
Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.
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27．第27题
The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.
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28．第28题
Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorus accompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre.
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29．第29题
The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of Catholic Counter-Reformation.
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30．第30题
Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.
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31．第31题
Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin, was known as a Neo-Platonist.
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32．第32题
Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men and the wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education.
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33．第33题
After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.
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34．第34题
The economy of the Byzantine Empire relied primarily on agriculture.
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35．第35题
The Islamic Golden Age is a period of cultural and intellectual growth and activity that persisted throughout the Islamic world between the 8th and 13th centuries.
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36．第36题
In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of their annual income to the Church of Rome.
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37．第37题
The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.
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38．第38题
Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.
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39．第39题
During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.
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40．第40题
An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.
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41．第41题
That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.
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42．第42题
The Roman Empire was the first true superpower in human history.
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43．第43题
Charlemagne was the greatest Frankish king, who founded the first empire in Western Europe after the fall of Rome.
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44．第44题
Knowing the true cause of the disease, many Christians considered the Black Death a signal of the Last Judgment.
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45．第45题
The new monarchs of late 15th century Germany, Italy and Spain laid the foundation for three of the great nation-states of modern Europe.
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46．第46题
The anti-English sentiment in the course of the Hundred Years’ War resulted in a strong feeling of hatred in France.
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47．第47题
“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early Middle Ages.
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48．第48题
The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.
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49．第49题
The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.
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50．第50题
Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.
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51．第51题
Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.
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52．第52题
Similar to all ancient agricultural societies, ancient Egyptians also divided a year into four seasons.
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53．第53题
The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.
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54．第54题
It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.
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55．第55题
Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians.
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56．第56题
Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.
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57．第57题
All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance.
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58．第58题
During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because they wanted to translate Latin works into Greek.
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59．第59题
All classes in universities were taught in Latin and mostly by a lecture method.
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60．第60题
At the age of 30, Jesus started to preach; but he had no intention to create a new religion.
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61．第61题
Among the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Empire and the Frankish Empire, only the first one received continuing influence from the Roman intellectual and legal tradition.
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62．第62题
It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture.
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63．第63题
The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.
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64．第64题
Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.
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65．第65题
According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.
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66．第66题
The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.
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67．第67题
When creating their own kingdoms, the Germanic tribes rejected all Roman institutions.
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68．第68题
Muhammad was not only a prophet, but also a political and military leader.
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69．第69题
The Late Middle Ages are often described as a period of crisis and decline.
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70．第70题
What really triggered off the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 was an attempt to collect a new type of national tax to pay for the failing war with France.
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71．第71题
From the Norman Conquest until the 14th century, French was the preferred language of the English crown and aristocracy, but after 1400 English gradually replaced French as the language of law courts and administration.
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72．第72题
The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at that time.
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73．第73题
In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, only when both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen.
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74．第74题
The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greater harmony.
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75．第75题
The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.
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76．第76题
The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome.
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77．第77题
Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.
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78．第78题
All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.
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79．第79题
Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.
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80．第80题
Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.
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