美国文学史和选读下册市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

Whitman and DickinsonWhitman and Dickinson-Romantic Poetry第1页Whitman and DickinsonWhitman and DickinsonSimilarities:Both of them were distinctively American poets in theme and technique.Both of them were part of American Renaissance.A.Themes:both praised in their different ways,an emergent America,its expansion,its individualism,and its Americanness.B.Techniques:breaking free of the poetic tradition and pioneering American modernist poetry with their poetic innovation.Differences:A.Whitman kept his eye on society at large while Dickinson explored the inner life of the self and individual.B.Whereas Whitman is national in his outlook,Dickinson is regional.C.In formal terms,Whitman is characterized by his endless,all-inclusive catalogs while Dickinson by her concise,direct,and simple diction and syntax.第2页第3页Whitman and DickinsonI.Walt Whitman(1819-1892)1.Literary StatusFather of American PoetryPrecursor of Modern American Poetry Father of American Free VerseCelebrating America as a Poem2.LifeWorking-class backgroundHe grew up in New York and worked there.Five years of schooling,loafing and readingRich life experience:office boy,printers apprentice,carpenter,schoolmaster,printer,editor(of 8 successive papers),and journalist第4页Whitman and Dickinson3.The Publication of Leaves of Grass Whitmans lifetime literary endeavorA.The first edition of 12 poems in 1855 A stir broke with the poetic convention sexuality and exotic and vulgar languageharsh criticisms on it:“noxious weeds”,“poetry of barbarism”,“a mass of stupid filth”B.Nine editions in all (1855,56,60,67,71,76,81,89,91-92)Began to be celebrated with the fifth editionC.His deathbed edition containing all of his 400-odd poems第5页Whitman and Dickinson4.His ideas:“a catalog and great acceptor”Enlightenment,humanitarianism Idealism and Transcendentalism Emerson and Whitman:Emersons letter of praise of the first edition“the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that an American has yet contributed”Whitman:“dear Master,”“I was simmering,simmering,simmering,Emerson brought me to a boil”He shared many similar ideas with Emerson:America itself was a poem;the greatest poet is a seer,complete in himself.(P.90)第6页Whitman and Dickinson5.Whitmans Poetic Experimentation He was a daring experimentalist who“broke the new wood”He began to experiment around 1847 which lead to a complete break with traditional poetics.Features:A.parallelism B.phonetic recurrence(systematic repetition of words and phrases)C.his long catalogs of lines,his piling up of nouns,verbs,or adjectives,Whitman broke free from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote“free verse”.第7页Whitman and Dickinson6.Masterpieces:“Song of Myself”“There was a Child Went Forth”“In Crossing Brooklyn Bridge”“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”(p.93)“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed”(p.94)7.Whitmans Influence Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America.His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.Many poets in England,France,Italy,and Latin America are in his debt,esp.by his optimism and innovation as a poet-prophet and poet-teacher.T.S.Eliot,Pound,Hart Crane,Carl Sandburg第8页第9页第10页Whitman and DickinsonII.Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)1.Literary statusA secluded poetess“Mother”of American Poetry and American Modern Poetry2.Lifea Calvinist family Her father,a Whig lawyer and treasurer of Amherst CollegeRead widely such as the Bible,Shakespeare,KeatsBegan writing seriously in her twenties1775 poems altogether,7 published in her life第11页第12页第13页Whitman and Dickinson3.Her IdeasCalvinism;Tragic in basic toneDeath leads to immortality.Doubt;the loss of faith and the religious uncertainty4.Themes:life,death,immortality,love,nature5.Analysis of her masterpieces“My Life Closed Twice before its Close”(p.98)“Wild Nights Wild Nights”(p.99)“Because I could not stop for Death”“I heard a fly buzz when I died”(p.99)“Death is a Dialogue between”(p.100)“A Narrow Fellow in the Grass”“Ill tell you how the sun rose”第14页第15页Emily Dickinsons Poem:249 Wild Nights Wild Nights!Wild Nights Wild Nights!Were I with thee Wild Nights should be Our Luxury!Futile the Winds To a Heart in port Done with the Compass Done with the Chart!Rowing in Eden Ah,the Sea!Might I but moor Tonight In Thee!第16页第17页Whitman and Dickinson6.Dickinsons AestheticsShe holds that beauty,truth and goodness are ultimately one.7.Her poetic innovationA.She broke free of the conventional iambic pentameterB.She explored the inner life of the individualC.She was regional(New Englander)D.She was idiosyncratic in her frequent use of dashes and unique use of capitals.E.her concise,direct,and simple diction and syntax第18页第19页Because I could not stop for Death“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”isalyricpoemonthethemeofdeath.Itcontainssixstanzas,eachwithfourlines.Afour-linestanzaiscalledaquatrain.ItrevealsEmilyDickinsonscalmacceptanceofdeath.Itissurprisingthatshepresentstheexperienceasbeingnomorefrighteningthanreceivingagentlemancallerinthiscase,herfianc(Deathpersonified).Theoverallthemeofthepoemseemstobethatdeathisnottobefearedsinceitisanaturalpartoftheendlesscycleofnature.第20页I.The Age of Realism(1865-1910)v1.BackgroundvA.With the American Civil War(1861-1865),the industrialized North fought the agrarian South,the factory defeated the farm,and the USA headed toward capitalism.vB.Commercialization,industrialization,mechanization,urbanizationvC.the frontier was closing and a reevaluation of life beganvD.disillusionment and frustration were widely felt.“A Golden”turned out to be a Gilded one.vE.The Age of Realism had arrived.第21页第22页I.The Age of Realism(1865-1910)v2.The Definition of Literary RealismvA.As a literary movement,realism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against“the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism.vB.It expressed the concern for the world.vWilliam Dean Howells:he must write what he observed and knew.vHenry James:Life should be the main object of the novel.vMark Twain:writers should keep in their mind the soul,the life,and the speech of the people.第23页vC.In matters of style,there was contrast between the genteel and graceful prose on the one hand,and the vernacular diction,rough and ready frontier humor on the other.vD.The American authors lumped together as“realists”seem to have some features in common:v a.“authenticity of detail derived from observation”v b.an objective rather than an idealized view of nature and experiencevE.William Dean Howells,Henry James and Mark Twain as the representatives第24页I.American Naturalismv1.Background：vSocial background:Modern America industrialism financial giants and industrial proletariat skyscrapers and slumsvIdeological background:a cold,indifferent Godless world life as a struggle for survival Darwinian evolutionary concepts like“the survival of the fittest”and“the human beast”Herbert Spencers social Darwinism an attitude of gloom and despair第25页American Naturalismv2.Literary background/DefinitionvIn the 1890s,French naturalism,with its new techniques and new ways of writing,appealed to the imagination of the younger generation like Crane,Norris and Dreiser.vThey tore the mask of gentility into pieces and wrote about helplessness of man,his insignificance in a cold world,and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.第26页American Naturalismv The whole picture is somber and dark;the general tone is one of hopelessness and even despair.vIts a more deliberate kind of realism in novels,stories,and plays,usually involving a view of human being as passive victims of natural forces and environment.第27页vThey are concerned with the less elegant aspects of life.Its typical settings are the slum,the sweatshop,the factory and the farm.They represented the life of the lower class truthfully and broke into such forbidden regions as violence,sex and death.vPractitioners:Frank Norris,Theodore Dreiser,Jack London,Stephen Crane,Edith Wharton(The House of Mirth,1905),Ellen Glasgow(Barren Ground,1925).第28页Comment:Naturalistsseehumanbeingsnomorethanaphysicalobjectunderthecontrolofbiological&environmentalforceswhereasrealistsseehumanbeingsjusthumanbeingsandromanticsseemanalmostasagod.第29页Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowly第30页I.Life and careerlHarrietBeecherStowe(18111896)wasanovelistandabolitionist，whosenovelUncle Toms Cabin(1852)isaclassicofthe19thcenturyanti-slaveryliterature.第31页I.Life and careerlShetaughtschoolinHartfordandinCincinnati,whereshecameintocontactwithfugitiveslavesandlearnedaboutlifeintheSouth,andlatersettledinMainewithherhusband,aprofessoroftheology.Whileraisingsevenchildren,shebeganwritingprofessionally.第32页I.Life and careerlItissaidthatPresidentLincolnmetStoweduringtheCivilWarandsaidtoher,Soyouarethelittlewomanwhowrotethebookthatmadethisbigwar.第33页I.Life and careerlStowewrotemorethantwodozenbooks,bothfictionandnon-fiction,includingA Key to Uncle Toms Cabin(1853),afact-filledcompaniontoherfamousnovel.HerotherworksincludeDred:A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp(1856),Pearl of Orrs Island(1862)andPink and White Tyranny(1871).第34页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowly lPerhapsthemostimportantAmericannovelofthenineteenthcentury,StowesmasterpieceispublishedseriallyintheNational Erain1851-1852andasabookin1852.ItbecameabestsellerintheUnitedStatesandEnglandandwentontosellthreehundredthousandcopiesthefirstyear.By1900ithadbeentranslatedintoforty-twolanguages.第35页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowlyl1.Plot summarylStowesnoveltellsthestoriesofthreeslavesTom,Eliza,andGeorgewhostartouttogetherinKentucky,butwhoselivestakedifferentturns.ElizaandGeorge,whoaremarriedtoeachotherbutownedbydifferentmasters,managetoescapetofreeterritorywiththeirlittleboy,Harry.第36页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the LowlylTomisnotsolucky.Heistakenawayfromhiswifeandchildren.Tomissoldfirsttoakindmaster,AugustineSt.Clare,andthentothecruelSimonLegree,atwhosehandshemeetshisdeath.第37页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the LowlylStowerelieduponimagesofdomesticity,motherhood,andChristianitytocapturehernineteenthcenturyaudiencesheartsandimaginations.第38页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowlyl2.Reactions to the novellUncle Toms Cabinwasbasedonvariousslavenarratives.Stoweclaimedtohavebeeninspiredbygriefoverherbabysdeathin1849andresistancetotheFugitiveSlaveLawof1850.lUncle Toms Cabinhasexertedaninfluence“equaledbyfewothernovelsinhistory.”Uponpublication,thebookreceivedpraisefromabolitionists.Butthenovelwasviciouslyattackedbyproslaveryreaders,evenafterStowedefendedtheresearchonwhichshebasedthenovelinA Key to Uncle Toms Cabin(1853).第39页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowlyl3.Major themesl1)theevilandimmoralityofslaverylUncle Toms Cabinisdominatedbyasingletheme:theevilandimmoralityofslavery.Stowepushedhomeherthemeoftheimmoralityofslaveryonalmosteverypageofthenovel,sometimesevenchangingthestorysvoicesoshecouldgivea“lessononthedestructivenatureofslavery.第40页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the LowlylThe most dreadful part of slavery,to my mind,is its outrages of feelings and affectionsthe separating of families,for example.”lOnewayStoweshowedtheevilofslaverywashowthispeculiarinstitutionforciblyseparatedfamiliesfromeachother.第41页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowlyl2)themoralpowerandholinessofwomenlBecauseStowebelievedthatonlywomenhadthemoralauthoritytosavetheUnitedStatesfromthedemonofslavery,anothermajorthemeofUncle Toms Cabinisthemoralpowerandsanctityofwomen.第42页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the LowlylThroughcharacterslikeEliza,whoescapesfromslaverytosaveheryoungsonandeventuallyreunitesherentirefamily,orLittleEva,whoisseenastheidealChristian,Stoweshowshowshebelievedwomencouldsavethosearoundthemfromeventheworstinjustices.WhilelatercriticshavenotedthatStowesfemalecharactersareoftendomesticclichesinsteadofrealisticwomen,Stowesnovelreaffirmedtheimportanceofwomensinfluenceandhelpedpavethewayforthewomensrightsmovementinthefollowingdecades.第43页II.Uncle Toms Cabin;or,Life Among the Lowlyl3)the exploration of the nature of Christianity and its fundamental incompatibility with slaverylStowespuritanicalreligiousbeliefsshowupinthenovelsfinaltheme,whichistheexplorationofthenatureofChristianityandhowshefeelsChristiantheologyisfundamentallyincompatiblewithslavery.第44页Mark Twain（1835-1910）n nPen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemensn nLiterary Statusn nleading figure of local colorism/language reformer of English noveln nNovelist,humorist,lecturer,journalist,literary and cultural criticn nmonumental figure in the development of western novel第45页第46页n nLife and Career:Life and Career:n nBorn in Florida and brought up in the small town of Born in Florida and brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River(a slave Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River(a slave state then)state then)n nborn two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halleys Comet in 1835.Halleys Comet in 1835.n nHe was twelve when his father died and he had to He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.leave school.第47页n nWith the publication of his frontier tale,“The With the publication of his frontier tale,“The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”,celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”,Twain became nationally famous.Twain became nationally famous.n nHis first novel His first novel The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age(with Charles Dudley (with Charles Dudley)gave its name to the America of the realism period.)gave its name to the America of the realism period.n nPrinters apprentice-self-taught-Steam-boat pilot Printers apprentice-self-taught-Steam-boat pilot married Olivia Lanton-Susy,Clara,Jean,his three married Olivia Lanton-Susy,Clara,Jean,his three daughters received honorary doctorate degree from daughters received honorary doctorate degree from Oxford University in 1907-Twain outlived Jean and Oxford University in 1907-Twain outlived Jean and Olivia.Olivias death in 1904 and Jeans death on Olivia.Olivias death in 1904 and Jeans death on December 24,1909 deepened his gloom died in December 24,1909 deepened his gloom died in 1910,one day after Halleys Comets closest 1910,one day after Halleys Comets closest approach to Earthapproach to Earth第48页Main Worksn nThe The Celebrated Celebrated Jumping Jumping Frog Frog of of Calaveras County 1865Calaveras County 1865n n The Innocents Abroad 1869,.The Innocents Abroad 1869,.n n Roughing It 1872,Roughing It 1872,n n The The Adventures Adventures of of Tom Tom Sawyer 1876,Sawyer 1876,n n A Tramp Abroad 1880,.A Tramp Abroad 1880,.n n The Prince and Pauper 1881,The Prince and Pauper 1881,n nLife on the Mississippi 1881,Life on the Mississippi 1881,n nThe Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age n nThe The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn 1885,Finn 1885,n n A A Connecticut Connecticut Yankee Yankee in in King King Arthurs Court 1889,Arthurs Court 1889,n nPudds Head Wilson 1894,.Pudds Head Wilson 1894,.n n P