英语写作常见错误省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

常见错误第1页中国人学英语总是受到汉语干扰。英语写作是语法概念、词汇知识、修辞手法等交流伎俩综合利用。缺乏对英语习惯表示法了解及缺乏写作技巧基本训练，英语写作中就会出现各种错误 第2页一、结构错误一、结构错误 1.There be 1.There be 句型拖泥带水。如：句型拖泥带水。如：There is an old sentence says“Practice makes There is an old sentence says“Practice makes perfect.”perfect.”学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头,于是于是在在There beThere be句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。实际上实际上,要表示要表示“常言道常言道”英语中有现成说法，如：英语中有现成说法，如：“As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”等。等。还有些学生作文开头就是还有些学生作文开头就是“There has different There has different ideas about.”ideas about.”，连基本，连基本“There be”There be”句型也被改造句型也被改造了。了。第3页2.2.误用平行结构。所谓平行结构，或对称结构误用平行结构。所谓平行结构，或对称结构(Parallelism)(Parallelism)，是指用相同语法结构表示几个意思，是指用相同语法结构表示几个意思上亲密相关内容修辞手法。这一修辞手法极其有上亲密相关内容修辞手法。这一修辞手法极其有用，使用得当，可使句子结构紧凑，对称协调，用，使用得当，可使句子结构紧凑，对称协调，语意鲜明，逻辑性强。不过，许多学生因为对这语意鲜明，逻辑性强。不过，许多学生因为对这种修辞手法知之甚少，对其对称照应特点掌握不种修辞手法知之甚少，对其对称照应特点掌握不好，经常写出一些结构不均衡，文意欠通顺，逻好，经常写出一些结构不均衡，文意欠通顺，逻辑混乱句子。如：辑混乱句子。如：My summers work proved not only interesting My summers work proved not only interesting but I also learned much from it.but I also learned much from it.She has fallen in love with him not because he is She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but that he is diligent.handsome but that he is diligent.第4页3.3.出现出现“悬垂结构悬垂结构”。在一个句子中，修饰语必须清。在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，假如它不修饰句中任楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，假如它不修饰句中任何成份，而处于悬浮状态，这么修饰语即为悬垂结何成份，而处于悬浮状态，这么修饰语即为悬垂结构构(Dangling Element)(Dangling Element)。如：。如：Climbing up the tower,the whole city came into Climbing up the tower,the whole city came into our view.our view.(1)(1)悬垂分词悬垂分词 误：误：Being Sunday,they went for a picnic.Being Sunday,they went for a picnic.正：正：It being Sunday,they went for a picnic.It being Sunday,they went for a picnic.正：正：As it was Sunday,they went for a picnic.As it was Sunday,they went for a picnic.第5页(2)悬垂不定式 误：To swim properly,a course of instruction was necessary.正：To swim properly,one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句 误：When a middle school student,his parents were very strict with him.正：When he was a middle school student,his parents were very strict with him.第6页二、意义错误 英语句子意义错误产生于用词不妥，用词不妥又产生于不懂词义或片面了解，根子是完全依赖汉字字面释义，不顾词性内涵、前后搭配等而张冠李戴。第7页1.1.词性误用。词性误用。We all know that fail is the mother of succeed.We all know that fail is the mother of succeed.(fail(fail名词形式为名词形式为failure;succeedfailure;succeed名词形式为名词形式为success)success)Make our cities greener is important.Plant trees Make our cities greener is important.Plant trees and flowers is the best measure to obtain the and flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.(goal.(应改用动名词短语作主语应改用动名词短语作主语Making.Making.和和Planting.)Planting.)People can through the Internet to get People can through the Internet to get information.(information.(错把介词错把介词throughthrough当动词用。宜改为：当动词用。宜改为：People can get information through the Internet.)People can get information through the Internet.)第8页2.2.词语赘用。词语赘用。词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多出字词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多出字(useless(useless words)words)、或用了大词、或用了大词(big words)(big words)，雅词，雅词(elegant(elegant words)words)，形成了废话，形成了废话(dead word)(dead word)，使文章组织不，使文章组织不严密，内容含糊不清。如：严密，内容含糊不清。如：Before we began to carry out the open-policy,Before we began to carry out the open-policy,my home town was a poor,backward,shabby,my home town was a poor,backward,shabby,ugly and undeveloped place.ugly and undeveloped place.此句过多地使用了此句过多地使用了一些带有贬义形容词，如此描述，使人不能不感一些带有贬义形容词，如此描述，使人不能不感到作者似乎对自己故乡眷恋不足，厌倦有余。为到作者似乎对自己故乡眷恋不足，厌倦有余。为何出现这种词语多出现象呢？何出现这种词语多出现象呢？第9页(1)(语言)心理负担过重。写作时，惟恐所表示意思不完整，语言不完美，于是就接二连三地使用一些意思相同或相近词语，结果破坏了句子简练性。我们在写作实践中务必用词准确、简练，使所表示内容清楚明白。(2)受汉语影响。在汉语写作中，人们经常使用“修饰语中心词”这一公式，如：“残酷剥削”、“横蛮侵略”。受这种汉语措辞影响，不少学生写出英语就显得简练不足。第10页3.词语搭配不妥。何为搭配？语言学家JR.Firth(1957)将搭配定义为词汇间相互关联(You shall know a word by the company it keeps.)。Halliday&Cowie都强调搭配是词语“共现”。需指出是词汇之间搭配基本上是约定俗成，没有什么道理可讲。英语中习惯搭配范围很广,种类很多。常见有:第11页(1)(1)名词和动词搭配名词和动词搭配:英语中有些名词经常与一些英语中有些名词经常与一些动词搭配使用。比如动词搭配使用。比如:“:“取得胜利取得胜利”为为win the win the victory,victory,而而“取得知识取得知识”则是则是acquire knowledgeacquire knowledge。又如又如:表示表示“在字典中查单词在字典中查单词”,我们可说我们可说look up look up a word in the dictionary,a word in the dictionary,但表示但表示“查字典查字典”却不能却不能说说look up a dictionary,look up a dictionary,而应说而应说refer to a dictionaryrefer to a dictionary或或consult a dictionary consult a dictionary；(2)(2)形容词和名词搭配形容词和名词搭配:英语中形容词和名词搭配英语中形容词和名词搭配现象也很普遍。比如现象也很普遍。比如:形容女子漂亮形容女子漂亮,我们惯用我们惯用beautifulbeautiful或或pretty,pretty,但形容男子漂亮时但形容男子漂亮时,我们则须用我们则须用handsomehandsome或或smartsmart。又如。又如:strong:strong和和powerfulpowerful为同为同义词义词,我们只能说我们只能说strong teastrong tea和和 a powerful car;a powerful car;反之反之,则不能被接收；则不能被接收；第12页(3)动词和副词习惯搭配:英语中动词和副词习惯搭配也比比皆是。比如:要表示“笑逐颜开”,普通说smile broadly而不说smile widely，一样,要表示“他大量地出汗”时,能够说:He sweated profusely，而要表示“他大量地引用本书”时,则须说He drew heavily on the book；(4)介词一些习惯搭配:英语中有些动词或形容词后、名词前要呼应不一样介词,形成习惯搭配。比如:能够说：Somebody is familiar with something。第13页三、三、表示方式错误表示方式错误 知道了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来还有表示方式对不知道了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来还有表示方式对不对、好不好问题，在这方面，汉语一样会干扰英语。有学对、好不好问题，在这方面，汉语一样会干扰英语。有学生文章生硬艰涩，读起来好象骨鲠在喉，吞不下去，这多生文章生硬艰涩，读起来好象骨鲠在喉，吞不下去，这多半是因为打不破汉语牢笼。半是因为打不破汉语牢笼。My English base is still very poor.(My English base is still very poor.(宜改为：宜改为：Im poor at Im poor at English./My English is poor.)English./My English is poor.)Last year an extremely big flood which happen once in Last year an extremely big flood which happen once in scores of years took place in many parts of our country.scores of years took place in many parts of our country.(宜改为：宜改为：Last year many parts of China were visited by Last year many parts of China were visited by the worst flood in scores of years.)the worst flood in scores of years.)This year my listening skills have made much progress.This year my listening skills have made much progress.(宜改为：宜改为：I have made great progress in my listening this I have made great progress in my listening this year.)year.)第14页要在学习过程中不停注意纠正自己在利用英语时依赖汉语要在学习过程中不停注意纠正自己在利用英语时依赖汉语不良习惯。如：学习词汇时，不要简单地和词典上汉语释不良习惯。如：学习词汇时，不要简单地和词典上汉语释义一一对应。词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一整体，义一一对应。词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一整体，词又是语句基本结构单位词又是语句基本结构单位(陆国强陆国强1986)1986)。了解一个词。了解一个词(knowing a word)(knowing a word)就要学习它意义就要学习它意义(包含上下文意义和意义包含上下文意义和意义关系关系)；词使用；词使用(包含修辞和习语、固定搭配、文体和语意包含修辞和习语、固定搭配、文体和语意)；词信息；词信息(包含词性，前缀和后缀，拼写和发音包含词性，前缀和后缀，拼写和发音)；这个词；这个词语法语法(包含名词可数不可数；动词互补，词组动词；形容包含名词可数不可数；动词互补，词组动词；形容词、副词位置等词、副词位置等)。(Harmer,1990)(Harmer,1990)语言这东西，不下苦功难学好。英语写作没有什么语言这东西，不下苦功难学好。英语写作没有什么“秘诀秘诀”可言，我们必须加强阅读，并在阅读时留心观察，细心可言，我们必须加强阅读，并在阅读时留心观察，细心模仿。词汇、句型和表示方式见得多了也就熟了，使用时模仿。词汇、句型和表示方式见得多了也就熟了，使用时也会信手拈来。也会信手拈来。Practice makes perfectPractice makes perfect道理用在语言学习道理用在语言学习中似乎是更适用。只要处处留心，打开思绪，就能在实践中似乎是更适用。只要处处留心，打开思绪，就能在实践中一步步克服中一步步克服ChinglishChinglish倾向，使自己英语日益趋于地道、倾向，使自己英语日益趋于地道、纯粹纯粹第15页中级水平作者常见错误一、不一致（一、不一致（DisagreementsDisagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包含了数不所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包含了数不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。例：例：When one have money,he can do what he When one have money,he can do what he want to.want to.（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。）么。）剖析：剖析：oneone是单数第三人称，因而本句是单数第三人称，因而本句havehave应改应改为为hashas；同理，；同理，wantwant应改为应改为wantswants，本句是经典主，本句是经典主谓不一致。谓不一致。改为：改为：Once one has money,he can do what he Once one has money,he can do what he wants wants（to doto do）第16页二、修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不一样，同一个修饰语置于句子不一样位置，句子含义可能引发改变。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引发足够重视，因而造成了无须要误解。例：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不妥，应置于句末.第17页三、句子不完整（三、句子不完整（Sentence FragmentsSentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整句子完全能够被了解。可是书面语就不一不完整句子完全能够被了解。可是书面语就不一样了，句子结构不完整会令意思表示不清，这种样了，句子结构不完整会令意思表示不清，这种情况经常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补情况经常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。充说明时发生。例：例：There are many ways to know the society.There are many ways to know the society.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV,radio,for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.”newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整句子，仅为不是一个完整句子，仅为一些不连贯词语，不能独立成句。一些不连贯词语，不能独立成句。改为：改为：There are many ways to know society,for There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.第18页四、悬垂修饰语（四、悬垂修饰语（Dangling ModifiersDangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首短语与后面句子逻辑关所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首短语与后面句子逻辑关系混乱不清系混乱不清.比如：比如：At the age of ten,my At the age of ten,my grandfather died.grandfather died.这句中这句中“at the age of ten”at the age of ten”只点只点出十岁时，但没有说明出十岁时，但没有说明“谁谁”十岁时。按普通推十岁时。按普通推理不可能是理不可能是my grandfathermy grandfather，假如我们把这个悬，假如我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。改为：改为：When I was ten,my grandfather died.When I was ten,my grandfather died.例：例：To do well in college,good grades are To do well in college,good grades are essential.essential.剖析：句中不定式短语剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college”to do well in college”逻逻辑主语不清楚。辑主语不清楚。改为：改为：To do well in college,a student needs To do well in college,a student needs good grades.good grades.第19页五、词性误用（Misuse of Parts of Speech）“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。例：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.第20页六、指代不清（六、指代不清（Ambiguous Reference of PronounsAmbiguous Reference of Pronouns）指代不清主要讲是代词与被指代人或物关系不清，或者先后指代不清主要讲是代词与被指代人或物关系不清，或者先后所用代词不一致。试看下面这一句：所用代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.be her bridesmaid.（玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她（玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她伴娘。）伴娘。）读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。假如我们把易于引发误解代词所指对象加婚，谁将当伴娘。假如我们把易于引发误解代词所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.her bridesmaid.例：例：And we can also know the society by serving it And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.yourself.剖析：句中人称代词剖析：句中人称代词wewe和反身代词和反身代词yourselfyourself指代不一致。指代不一致。改为：改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.We can also know society by serving it ourselves.第21页七、不间断句子（七、不间断句子（Run-on SentencesRun-on Sentences）什么叫什么叫run-on sentencerun-on sentence？请看下面例句。？请看下面例句。例：例：There are many ways we get to know the There are many ways we get to know the outside world.outside world.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整意思：剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整意思：“There There are many ways.”are many ways.”以及以及“We get to know the We get to know the outside world.”outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。了。改为：改为：There are many ways for us to learn There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.about the outside world.或：或：There are many ways through which we can There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.become acquainted with the outside world.第22页八、措词毛病（八、措词毛病（Troubles in DictionTroubles in Diction）DictionDiction是指在特定句子中怎样适当地选取词语问题，囿于是指在特定句子中怎样适当地选取词语问题，囿于教课时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花时间往往极其有限，教课时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好推敲，斟酌习惯。他们影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好推敲，斟酌习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不妥错误比比往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不妥错误比比皆是。例：皆是。例：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.agriculture also makes pollution.（农业方面化学物质使（农业方面化学物质使用不停增加也造成了污染。）用不停增加也造成了污染。）剖析：显然，考生把剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“obstacles“障碍障碍”，“障碍物障碍物”误作误作substance“substance“物质物质”了。另外了。另外“the increasing use the increasing use（不停（不停增加使用）增加使用）”应改为应改为“abusive use abusive use（滥用）（滥用）”。改为：改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.第23页九、累赘（九、累赘（RedundancyRedundancy）言以简练为贵。写句子没有一个多出词；写段落没言以简练为贵。写句子没有一个多出词；写段落没有一个无必要句子。能用单词不用词组；能用词组有一个无必要句子。能用单词不用词组；能用词组不用从句或句子。如：不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him.In spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him.本句本句“the fact that he is lazy”the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们系同谓语从句，我们按照上述按照上述“能用词组不用从句能用词组不用从句”能够改为：能够改为：In spite In spite of his laziness,I like him.of his laziness,I like him.例：例：For the people who are diligent and kind,For the people who are diligent and kind,money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.they need.剖析：整个句子能够大大简化。剖析：整个句子能够大大简化。改为：改为：Diligent,caring people use money only to Diligent,caring people use money only to buy what they need.buy what they need.第24页十、不连贯（Incoherence）不连贯是指一个句子序言不对后语，或是结构上不通畅。这也是考生常犯毛病。例：The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water与逗号后it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.第25页十一、综合性语言错误（Comprehensive Misusage）所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面错误。例：Today,Money to everybody is very importance,ours eat,cloth,live,go etc.第26页