英语句子成分及五种简单句(课堂PPT).ppt

句子成分1英语的基本成分有八种：英语的基本成分有八种：主语（主语（subject）谓语（谓语（predicate）宾语（宾语（object）表语（表语（predicative）定语（定语（attribute）状语状语(adverbial)补足语补足语(complement）同位语（同位语（appositive）2句子成分详解表句子成分详解表3主语主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。或情态动词后面。v1)Mr.Lee is a well-known scientist.v2)He reads newspapers everyday.v3)Two and ten is twelve.v4)Smoking is harmful to the health.v5)To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.v6)What we shall do next is not yet decided.4谓语谓语:说明主语的动作或所处的状态。说明主语的动作或所处的状态。谓语谓语(predicate)或谓语动词或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由在主语之后。谓语由简单动词简单动词或或动词短语动词短语（助动词或（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。情态动词主要动词）构成。v1)The new term begins on the 1st of September.v2)I would like to invite all my friends here.v3)I have tried this way three times.v4)We should pay attention to the English idioms.v5)He is working in the garden.5表语表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如如be,become)be,become)之后，之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。v1)Wangs father is a doctor.（名词）（名词）v2)He is always careless.（形容词）（形容词）v3)The basketball match is on.（副词）（副词）v4)All the pupils are on the playground now.（介词短语）（介词短语）v5)Our aim is to win more medals.（不定式）（不定式）v6)His work is teaching French.（动名词短语）（动名词短语）v7)The question is who can really repair the machines.v （从句）（从句）6形式宾语：形式宾语：若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从 句，可用句，可用itit作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之后。后。vI found it difficult to finish the task in time.vDo you consider it any good sending more people there?vWe have made it clear that we disagreed.Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.（双宾语）me 间接宾语 表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。a novel 直接宾语 表示动作的直接承受者或结果。7宾语宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面或介词后面.v1)Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.（双（双宾语）宾语）v2)The medicine is good for this boy.v3)Do you understand what I mean?v4)My little sister always likes to ask questions.v5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?8定语定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用子，汉语中常用的的表示。表示。vMary is a chemistry teacher.（名词作定语）（名词作定语）vHe is our friend.（代词作定语）（代词作定语）vWe belong to the third world.（数词作定语）（数词作定语）vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词作定语）（形容词作定语）vThe man over there is my old friend.(副词作定副词作定语语)9The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词短语作定语)The boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词短语作定语）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词作定语）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式作定语）You should do everything that I do.（定语从句作定语）10状语状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明说明方式、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。的等。1)She sings quite well.（副词）（副词）2)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.（介词短语）（介词短语）3)Arriving there,call me up.4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.5)If I have some spare time,I will take up German.6)He is very handsome.11补足语补足语：用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态。分为宾补和主补。态。分为宾补和主补。v主补：对主语的补充。主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.12宾语补足语宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状状态态,特征特征.vWe elected him monitor.（名词作宾补）（名词作宾补）vWe will make them happy.（形容词作宾补）（形容词作宾补）vWe found nobody in.(副词作宾补副词作宾补)vPlease make yourself at home.（介词短语作宾补）（介词短语作宾补）vDont let him do that.（省（省to不定式名词作宾补）不定式名词作宾补）vHis father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.v（带（带to不定式名词作宾补）不定式名词作宾补）vDont keep the fire burning.（现在分词名词作宾补）（现在分词名词作宾补）vIll have my bike repaired.（过去分词名词作宾补）（过去分词名词作宾补）13v同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：和从句等均可作同位语。如：We students should study hard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is true.（从句作同位语）14独立成分：独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感叹词感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词:yes否定词否定词:no称呼语称呼语:称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语插入语:一些句中插入的一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。等。如如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信我相信,这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束.15指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：1.Ontheleftofmyhouseisanoldchurch.2.Whycouldtheboilingpointofwaterbeloweratthetopofamountain?3.Iamnotgoingtoworktoday.4.Thisthingisforpeelingpotatoes.5.Whattimewillyouarrive?1.6.TheGeandsethimfree,hewouldmakehim3.veryrich.4.7.Whatnationalityareyou?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative168.Icouldntunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50.9.Iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation.10.Wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen.11.Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.12.IllbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterIhavehadafewlessons.13.Iloveswimming.Itkeepsmefit.14.Itisobviousthatmoneydoesntgrowontrees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.17什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!18英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一一:(主谓主谓)二二:(主系表主系表)三三:(主谓宾主谓宾)四四:(主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾)五五:(主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)19基本句型基本句型 一一:(主谓主谓)主语主语:可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词主格代词,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语:谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语,形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如:Wecome.20(不及物动词不及物动词)1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点,即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。21主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.22巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化.4 419191919年，在北京爆发了年，在北京爆发了“五五.四四”运动。运动。5 5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。2.Themeetingwilllasttwohours.3.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepasttenyears.4.TheMayFourthMovementbrokeoutinBeijingin1919.5.Classesbeginateighteveryday.1.Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.23巩固练习巩固练习：6 6这个重五公斤。这个重五公斤。7 7五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。8 8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。6.Thisboxweighsfivekilos.7.IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.8.Inautumn,somebirdsflytothesouth.9.Mygrandfathergetsupearlyinthemorning.10.Everyafternoonalotofstudentscometothelibrarytoborrowbooks.24基本句型二基本句型二:(主系表主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。25系动词系动词分两类分两类:be,look,keep,seem等等,表情况表情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类等属另一类,表变化。表变化。be本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词多可用作连系动词:lookwell/面色好面色好,soundnice/听起来不错听起来不错,feelgood/感觉好感觉好,smellbad/难闻难闻26(是系动词是系动词)(表语表语)1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.27*Therebe结构结构:Therebe表示表示存在有存在有。这里的这里的there没有实际意义没有实际意义,不可与副词不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。此结构后跟名词此结构后跟名词,表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”。试比较试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无实意无实意,后一个后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。28系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。29一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第第一一类类：表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的，有有bebe，looklook，feelfeel，seemseem，appearappear，smellsmell，tastetaste，soundsound，turn out turn out（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。Youll be all right soon.Youll be all right soon.You dont look very well.You dont look very well.I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.30 He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses smell sweet.The roses smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the music sounds!How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to be)a fine one.The day turned out(to be)a fine one.31第第二二类类：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，有有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.32 Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Marys face went red.Marys face went red.His dream has come true.His dream has come true.The boys blood ran cold.The boys blood ran cold.33第第三三类类：表表示示保保持持状状态态的的，有有keepkeep，remainremain，continuecontinue，staystay等等。Keep quiet,children!Keep quiet,children!The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time.time.It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved.34系系动动词词后后的的表表语语可可以以是是名名词词、代代词词、数数词词、形形容容词词、分分词词、动动名名词词、不不定定式式、副副词词、介介词词短短语语、词词组组、从句，系动词从句，系动词bebe可用于上述所有情况。可用于上述所有情况。Thenewswassurprising.（分词）（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）（副词）Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）（从句）35所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Ourfuturewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.Heoftenwenthungry.363.3.能能用用不不定定式式作作表表语语的的系系动动词词有有：appearappear，seemseem，get get，prove prove，remain remain，turn out turn out等。等。She appears/seems to be very young.She appears/seems to be very young.He appears/seems to have caught cold.He appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be friendsThey got to be friends。The meeting turned out to be successful.The meeting turned out to be successful.The theory proved to be right.The theory proved to be right.Much remains to be done.Much remains to be done.374.4.能能接接从从句句的的有有：bebe，seemseem，appearappear，soundsound，look look等。等。Thats why he fell ill.Thats why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.My idea is that we should help him.It It seems/seems/appears appears to to me me that that something something is is wrong.wrong.It It sounds sounds to to me me as as if if someone someone were were trying trying to to get into the house.get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if it is going to rain.385.5.能能接接介介词词短短语语的的有有：bebe，feelfeel，looklook，soundsound，taste taste，remainremain等。等。bebe是是特特别别活活跃跃的的系系动动词词，其其后后可可接接很很多多介介词词短短语作表语。语作表语。He He is is at at home/home/in in the the library/library/on on the the way home/on holiday.way home/on holiday.They are on duty/on strike/on leave.They are on duty/on strike/on leave.The road is under repair.The road is under repair.39其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It feels like a rain.It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain.It looks like a rain.It It sounds sounds like like a a train train going going under under my my room.room.It tastes of apples.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）（这有苹果的味道。）The concert remains in my memory.The concert remains in my memory.406.6.能能接接分分词词的的系系动动词词有有：bebe，becomebecome，getget，growgrow，seem seem，appear appear等。等。His His report report was was surprising/surprising/disappointing/delighting/moving/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing astonishing The The boy boy was was moved/delighted/surprised/moved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonisheddisappointed/astonished。He He has has become/become/got/got/grown/grown/interested interested in in modern physicsmodern physics。He seems/appears drunkHe seems/appears drunk。系系动动词词后后还还可可接接代代词词、数数词词、动动名名词词、副副词词及及其其词词组组，基基本本都都是是bebe的的用用法法。其其他他系系动动词词几几乎乎不能这样用或很少这样用。不能这样用或很少这样用。page4341一一.纵纵观观历历年年的的高高考考题题，对对系系动动词词的的考考查查一一直直是是高高考考中中非非常常重重要要的的热热点点之之一一，对对于于考考生生来来说说也也是是难难点点所在。所在。高高考考对对系系动动词词考考查查的的覆覆盖盖面面广广，涉涉及及的的系系动动词词较较多多，重重点点考考查查的的是是 get get，其其次次是是 feel feel 和和 remain remain，考查的难度在逐年增大。考查的难度在逐年增大。二二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有get，turn，turnout（结果是（结果是），），go，come（成为），（成为），fall，become等。等。421.1.对对 get get 的考查的考查 get get 表表示示状状态态的的改改变变，意意为为“变变成成，变变得得，做做成成”，它它后后面面可可以以接接形形容容词词、v-ing v-ing 形形式式、过过去去分词等。分词等。Sarah,Sarah,hurry hurry up.up.Im Im afraid afraid you you wont wont have time to _ before the party.have time to _ before the party.A.get changed B.get change A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change C.get changing D.get to change 43 Be Be careful careful when when you you cross cross this this very very busy busy street,street,if if not,not,you you may may _ _ run run over over by by a a car.car.A.have B.get C.become D.turn A.have B.get C.become D.turn As As we we joined joined the the big big crowd crowd I I got got _ _ from my friends.from my friends.A.separated B.spared C.lost D.missedA.separated B.spared C.lost D.missed 分析：例分析：例分析：例分析：例中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是“get“get过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词”构成的构成的构成的构成的系表结构。例系表结构。例系表结构。例系表结构。例getchangedgetchanged意为意为意为意为“换衣服换衣服换衣服换衣服”，例，例，例，例getgetrunoverrunover意为意为意为意为“碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过”，例，例，例，例getseparatedgetseparated意思意思意思意思是是是是“冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分别是，所以正确答案分别是，所以正确答案分别是，所以正确答案分别是AA、BB、BB。442.2.对对 go go 的考查的考查 系系动动词词 go go 的的意意义义是是“变变成成，成成为为”，后后多多跟跟形形容容词词，如如 go go bad,bad,go go mad,mad,go go wrong,wrong,go go hungry,go sour hungry,go sour 等。例如：等。例如：On On hearing hearing the the news news of of the the accident accident in in coal mine,she _ pale.coal mine,she _ pale.A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared 分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是“go+adj.”系表结构。系表结构。got和和changed不能与不能与pale搭配起来表达这搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而一状态的变化，而appeared是表示状态存在是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是的系动词。所以正确答案是C。45 3.3.3.3.对对对对 fall fall fall fall 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 fall fall fall fall 表表表表示示示示“（不不不不知知知知不不不不觉觉觉觉地地地地或或或或突突突突然然然然地地地地）进进进进入入入入状状状状态态态态”，后后后后常常常常跟跟跟跟形形形形容容容容词词词词、副副副副词词词词或或或或介介介介词词词词短短短短语语语语等等等等，如如如如：fall fall fall fall ill ill ill ill（生生生生病病病病），fall fall fall fall apart apart apart apart（散散散散开开开开），fall fall fall fall asleep,asleep,asleep,asleep,fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。例如：例如：As As she she _ _ the the newspaper,newspaper,Granny Granny _ _ asleep.asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“fall+adj.”结结构，构，fallasleep是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是行时态，故正确答案是B。句意是。句意是“她读报时，她读报时，奶奶睡着了。奶奶睡着了。”46三三.对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常常常常见见见见的的的的有有有有 be,be,be,be,seem,seem,seem,seem,appear,appear,appear,appear,look,look,look,look,feel,feel,feel,feel,smell,smell,smell,smell,sound,sound,sound,sound,keep,keep,keep,keep,taste,taste,taste,taste,remain,remain,remain,remain,prove,prove,prove,prove,stay,stay,stay,stay,lie lie lie lie（处处处处于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态），stand stand stand stand（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。1.1.1.1.对对对对 remain remain remain remain 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 remain remain remain remain 的的的的意意意意思思思思是是是是“保保保保持持持持，继继继继续续续续，依依依依然然然然不不不不变变变变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。Having Having a a trip trip abroad abroad is is certainly