北京外国语大学英语学院《812》英汉互译（笔译）历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2011年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2011年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解I.Translate the following passages into Chinese and write your translation onthe answer sheet.(50 points,25points each)Passage 1It is the unanimous view of our committee that America today faces a seriousand intensifying challenge with regard to its future competitiveness andstandard of living.Further we appear to be on a losing path.We are heretoday hoping both to elevate the nations awareness of this developingsituation and to propose constructive solutions.The thrust of our findings is straightforward.The standard of living ofAmericans in the years ahead will depend to a very large degree on thequality of the jobs that they are able to hold.Without quality jobs our citizenswill not have the purchasing power to support the standard of living whichthey seek,and to which many have become accustomed;tax revenues willnot be generated to provide for strong national security and healthcare;andthe lack of a vibrant domestic consumer market will provide a disincentivefor either U.S.or foreign companies to invest in jobs in America.What has brought about the current situation?The answer is that theprosperity equation has a new ingredient,an ingredient that some havereferred to as“The Death of Distance”.In the last century,breakthroughs inaviation created the opportunity to move people and goods rapidly andefficiently over very great distances.Bill Gates has referred to aviation as the“World Wide Web of the twentieth century”.In the early part of the presentcentury,we are approaching the point where the communication,storage andprocessing of information are nearly free.That is,we can now move not onlyphysical items efficiently over great distances,and we can also transportinformation in large volumes and at little cost.(276 words,Rising Above theGathering Storms)【参考译文】我们委员会一致认为今天的美国，其未来的竞争力和生活水平面临着严峻的挑战。未来我们似乎在往一条失败的道路上行进。所以我们今天在这里希望提高民族对这一发展形势的警惕，来寻求建设性的解决方案。根据我们的调查结果，结论简单明了。美国生活水平在今后的几年中将很大程度上依靠人们能获得的工作的质量。若工作质量不高，公民将无法拥有足够的购买力来维持他们所希望的生活水平，或之前已经习惯了的生活水平；也不能产生税收收入，为国家安全及卫生保健提供强大的支持；而国内消费市场不景气的话，就不能激励美国或国外公司在美国投资，进而不能产生新的工作。是什么导致了目前的形势？答案是因为繁荣方程式增加了一个新的因素，有些人把它叫做“距离消失”。在上个世纪，航海上的突破使远距离人和货物有效快速的移动成为了可能。比尔盖茨曾经把航海当做“二十世纪的万维网”。在本世纪早期，信息的沟通、存储和处理接近自由，现在，我们不仅能远距离有效的移动具体物件，还能实现低成本，大批量的信息运输。Passage 2Germany as a whole is underemployed.Germans in work put in an averageof 1,430 hours in 2006,the third-lowest rate in the OECD.Even after thelabour-market reforms,long-term unemployment remains well above theOECD average.More than half a million immigrants cannot do the jobs forwhich they trained because Germany does not recognize their qualifications,a case of credentialism gone wild.A country in demographic decline cannotafford such waste.By 2035 Germanys GDP per person will fall by 8-15%relative to that in other rich European countries and in America.To head off such relative decline,Germany needs to re-engineer not only thewelfare state but its attitudes towards immigrants,women and people over60.Against its conservative instincts it has made a start.In the past ten yearsit had done more to integrate minorities than in the previous 40.When“guestworkers”from Turkey,Italy and Greece flooded in to alleviate laborshortages in the 1950s and 60s,Germans thought they would eventually leaveagain;during the 1980s the government tried to pay them to go.Now itaccepts that Germany is an“immigration country”.A citizenship law passedin 2000 which said that people not born German could become so wasfollowed in 2005 by an immigration law that inched open the doors forskilled foreigners.The government has maintained a cautious momentum,balancing welcomewith a demand that immigrants adapt to German ways.Under a“nationalintegration plan”orchestrated by the grand coalition,language training forimmigrants and their children is being expanded and businesses havepromised to create extra training places for migrants.The coalition set up astanding“Islam Conference”to negotiate relations between the religion andthe state.Its main successes were to establish that Muslims see nocontradiction between their faith and Germanys constitution,and to agree inprinciple to teach Islam in state schools,as Judaism and Christianity alreadyare.(323 words)【参考译文】整体上德国就业不充分。在2006年，德国平均工作时间为1430个小时，在经济合作与发展组织中工作时间倒数第三。甚至在劳动市场改革后，长时间的失业率仍遥遥超出经济合作与发展组织的平均水平。超过五十万的移民因德国不承认其资格而不能从事他们已经受训的工作，文凭主义极度疯狂。这在一个人口不断减少的国家是实在再浪费不起的。到2035年德国的人均GDP将比其他富裕的欧洲国家和美国下降815%。为了阻止这种相对下降，德国需要给其福利现状重新注入活力，改变对待移民妇女和60岁以上人群的态度。德国从其保守的本能起步，在过去的十年中，在融合少数群体上比前四十年做的还多。在19世纪五六十年代，当土耳其、意大利和希腊的客籍工人涌入德国，本可以缓解其劳动力缺乏的状况的时候，德国认为他们最终会离去。在19世纪八十年代，政府试图出钱让他们离开。现在，德国接受了其作为移民国家的事实。在2000年通过的公民法律中表明非德国本土出生的人可以成为德国公民，接连出台的2005年的移民法又规定大开对技术性国外工人的大门。政府维护了一种谨慎的动态，既表示了对移民者的欢迎，又与要求他们适应德国方式平衡起来。根据大联盟安排的“民族融合计划”，针对移民及其后代的语言训练正在扩大，而商业方面也保证将为移民提供更多的接受工作训练的场所。大联盟还成立了长期的“伊斯兰会议”来协调宗教与国家的关系，其取得的最大成绩就是让穆斯林消除其信仰对德国宪法的矛盾，像犹太教和基督教一样，大体上赞成在公立学校教授伊斯兰教。II.Translate the following passages into English and write your translation onthe answer sheet.(50 points,25 points each)Passage 1美国公务员工资制度的建立，实质上还是由市场决定的，各种有关工资的法律制度是根据市场变化产生的。美国总统、州长、议员等公务员职务还有人去干，这说明他们接受那样的工资标准，因为没人强迫他们去当公务员，所以，现实中几乎听不到公务员抱怨自己的工资低。这好比体育比赛，运动员参加比赛就要遵守早已制定好的比赛规则，不能到了比赛场上，说规则对自己不利，要修改。美国公务员工资虽然比私企低，但公务员的好处私企职工是无法比拟的，如名声好听、可以建立起人脉关系、假期多、工作清闲、压力小、比较稳定、失业几率小等。(245字美国公务员工资制度精要及启示)【参考译文】Wages system for American civil servants,in fact,depends on market;allsorts of laws about wages are based on the changes in market.Since suchcivil servant position as American president,governor,congressmen and soon have someone who is willing to do the job,the wages system is acceptableby them,for no one forces them to be a civil servant.Thus,in reality,wecannot hear the civil servants complaining the lowness of their wages.This islike a sports game;once the sportsman has attended the game,they shouldobey all the regulated rules,and they cannot ask for changing the rules aftercoming to the game by just saying the rules is not good for them.Although the civil servants have no such high wages than in the privatecompany,they can get incomparable benefits that a worker in the privatecompany cannot obtain,such as reputation,good personal connections,various vacations,ease in work,small work pressure,relatively stability andlow unemployment rate.Passage 2诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语。名物不同，传实不易。始者维祗难出自天竺，以黄武三年来适武昌。仆从受此五百偈本，请其同道竺将炎为译。将炎虽善天竺语，未备晓汉。其所传言，或得胡语，或以义出音，近于质直。仆初嫌其词不雅。维祗难曰：“佛言，依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸日：“老氏称：美言不信，信言不美。仲尼亦云：书不尽言，言不尽意。明圣人意，深邃无极。今传胡义，实宜径达。”是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰。(245字)【参考译文】Buddhist scriptures come from India.The pronunciation of Indias languageis different from Chinese,thus,we regard the scriptures and the languagethey use as the books and the language in heaven.With different events andnames,to express the original meaning through translation is very difficult.The beginner Wei Zhinan,who was from India,in the third year of HuangWu emperor,came to Wu Chang.From him I received five hundred Buddhistscriptures,so I invited his companion Zhu Jiangyan to translate thesescriptures with me.Jiangyan is good at Indias language,but his Chinese isnot good enough.When he interpreted the scriptures,sometimes he used Hulanguage(a kind of language used by some north minority nation in China)orsome sounds which are created according to the meaning,which made hisinterpretation very straight in meaning.At first,I complained that his use ofwords was not graceful.Wei Zhinan said,“The translation of Buddhist scriptures should express theirreal meaning without modification,and also should observe the philosophy ofBuddhism strictly.A good translator should ensure that the translation is notonly understood by others,but also conforms to the original meaning.”Thenall the people on the seat also said,“Lao Zi ever said,Beautiful words arenot believable,the real believable words are not beautiful.We also haveConfucius saying the book cannot say everything;if can,it will lose itsoriginal meaning.These wise scholars words are deep and profound inmeaning.Now Wei Zhinan expresses the real meaning in Hu.He in fact hashad an access to the Buddhist scriptures.”From then on,when I listen to theinterpretation of Buddhist scriptures by others,I will observe to the originalmeaning without modification in words.III.Essay-writing:(50 points,25 points each).1English writing:Please read the passage and write all essay(no less than300 words)based on the following questions:1)What is the issue discussed in this passage?2)Give one more example to illustrate the authors point of view.3)How to resolve the loss in translation?Why?Once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between twolanguages,it becomes possible to approach the question of loss and gain inthe translation process.It is again an indication of the low status oftranslation that so much time should have been spent on discussing what islost in the transfer of a text from SL to TL whilst ignoring what can also begained,for the translator can at times enrich or clarify the SL text as a directresult of the translation process.Moreover,what is often seen as lost fromthe SL context may be replaced in the TL context,as in the case of Wyatt andSurreys translations of Petrarch.Eugene Nida is a rich source of information about the problems of loss intranslation,in particular about the difficulties encountered by the translatorwhen faced with terms or concepts in the SL that do not exist in the TL.Hecites the case of Guaica,a language of southern Venezuela,where there islittle trouble in finding satisfactory terms for the English murder,stealing,lying,etc.,but where the terms for good,bad,ugly and beautiful cover a verydifferent area of meaning.As an example,he points out that Guaica does notfollow a dichotomous classification of good and bad,but a trichotomous oneas follows:(1)Good includes desirable food,killing enemies,chewing dope inmoderation,putting fire to ones wife to teach her to obey,and stealing fromanyone not belonging to the same band.(2)Bad includes rotten fruit,any object with a blemish,murdering a personof the same band,stealing from a member of the extended family and lying toanyone.(3)Violating taboo includes incest,being too close to ones mother-in-law,amarried womans eating tapir before the birth of the first child,and a childseating rodents.Nor is it necessary to look so far beyond Europe for examplesof this kind of differentiation.The large number of terms in Finnish forvariations of snow,in Arabic for aspects of camel behaviour,in English forlight and water,in French for types of bread,all present the translator with,on one level,an untranslatable problem.Bible translators have documentedthe additional difficulties involved in,for example,the concept of the Trinityor the social significance of the parables in certain cultures.In addition to thelexical problems,there are of course languages that do not have tense systemsor concepts of time that in any way correspond to Indo-European systems.Whorfs comparison(which may not be reliable,but is cited here as atheoretical example)between a temporal language(English)and a timelesslanguage(Hopi)serves to illustrate this aspect.【答案】In this passage,the issue of loss and gain in the translation process isintroduced and discussed.According to the author,due to the fact that someterms or concepts in the SL do not have corresponding ones in the TL,or viceversa,it is inevitable that some sense in the SL will be lost.However,on theother hand,there will be also some gains when there are more expressions ofone term or concept in the TL than those in the SL.Take the terms of cookingin Chinese and English as an example.In English,there is only one term for“fry”.However,in Chinese,there are different terms for it:pan-frying,stir-frying,quick-frying and deep-frying.If a Chinese cooking book is translatedinto English,some meanings will be unavoidably lost.Of course,whensomething about English cooking is translated into Chinese,then the ST willgive a more detailed interpretation.From this case,we can see that loss of meaning always occurs in thetranslation process.Then how should we address this problem?Nida saysthat translator should strive for functional as well as formal equivalencebetween the source text and the target text.Therefore,the solution toaddressing the problem of loss of meaning is that the target text should be asclose as the source test as much as possible.In many cases,these twoequivalences cannot be achieved at the same time.However,as long as whatthe source text wants to convey is expressed,then the loss produced in thetranslation process can be allowed.For instance,there are plenty of four-character idioms in Chinese which are hard to translate perfectly.Whentranslating them,translators have to abandon some form or sense whileconveying the underlying meaning.In conclusion,translators should makethe target text close to the source text to the maximum extent.For a goodtranslation work,the unavoidable loss of meaning is allowed on the premisethat all the translatable information is delivered2中文写作：写一篇300字左右的小论文(中文)，对以下现象进行评析，可添加自己的例子进行论述。This list identifies three words useful in comparative culture studies whoseobvious or habitual translations in either direction(Chinese to English or viceversa)are seriously misleading.【参考范文】在汉语和英语翻译中，我们常会碰到这样的问题：如果把汉语词汇字对字的翻译成英语，那么翻译过来的单词已经脱离了原文语义，造成误解。如“唯物主义”，若翻译成“materialism”，则把汉语中表示一种基本哲学概念的词偷换成了英语里令人鄙视的生活态度词汇。所以，看似翻译准确，实则不然。其实，在汉英或英汉翻译过程中这样的情况比比皆是。这种翻译属于望文生义，是由于译者并未对这两种语言的词汇含义真正理解所导致的误译。再举一例，如中国菜“四喜丸子”，如果翻译成“four happy balls”，则变成了“四个开心球”，完全不符原义，会贻笑大方。为避免这样的问题，需要译者熟知汉英语言文化，有丰富的语言背景知识，能准确判断语义，找到真正与原文相符的译法。同时也要求译者要有严谨的态度，善于发现问题，进行查证和研究。总之，切不可自以为是，武断地认为译语就是符合原文语义的。要带着谨慎和批判的眼光认真对待每一处模糊的、可能出现错误的地方。2012年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解I.Translate the following passages into Chinese and write your translation onthe answer sheet.(50 points,25 points each)Passage 1Tower of Power:Miracle or Mirage?In China,one doesnt have to look far to see the countrys commitment torenewable energy.In cities such as Beijing and Shanghai,rooftops are nowcovered with solar water heaters.On the grasslands of Inner Mongolia,towering white wind turbines are popping up where only cattle,sheep andherders on horseback once roamed.While coal consumption is expected toclimb more than 3%annually for the next two decades,the government hasalso required that electrical companies add a significant amount of alternativeenergy to their portfolios.Yet,some overseas firms insist that China is simply repeating an economicdevelopment strategy that has propelled the countrys rapid progress in manyother manufacturing sectors.The country has been able to use the lure ofhuge potential markets to entice foreign companies to hand over technologyand know-how in exchange for lucrative deals,later using that knowledge toproduce competitive products cheaper than those of overseas originators.Foreign companies built the g