北京外国语大学611英语基础测试（技能）历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2000年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2001年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2002年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2003年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2004年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2005年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2006年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2007年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2008年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2009年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2010年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解2011年北京外国语大学611英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学611英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学611英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学611英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学611英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解2000年北京外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解I.Reading Comprehension.(32分)1.Read the following article and paraphrase the underlined parts:The twenty-first century will mark the era of tertiary and lifelonglearning for everybody-or almost everybody.Thus the West Report fromAustralia,echoing a key theme of the immediately preceding Dearing Reportin the UK (National Committee of Inquiry into Higher EducationNCIHE,1997).The notion of lifelong learning has pervaded higher education aroundthe world as governments have increasingly come to recognize a linkbetween their education systems and national economic performance.However,policy relating to the actual making of the link needs deeperconsideration.The development of key skills has been seen in the UK as animportant way in which higher education can contribute to economicdevelopment,but it can be argued that to focus on these skills represents anarrow and insufficient response to what employers-and the wider interest-really need(see Stephensons 1998 argument for a capability approach tohigher education and,more broadly,the discussion in part 2 of Barnett1994.However the contested nature of this aspect of higher educationmight be resolved,current discussions have left relatively unexplored thebroader implications for curricula and,in particular,for fist-cycleprovision.In earlier times many took the view that a first degree was asufficient basis for lifetime career.The accelerating pace of knowledgedevelopment has undermined this conception,and increasing attention is nowbeing given to the provision of higher degree programs and otheropportunities for professional development.This raises a serious question:what function does the first degree serve in the context of lifelong learning?Logically,it makes no sense in todays world to try to pack first degreecurricula with all the knowledge,understanding and skills need for the rest ofa lifetime.There simply is not the time available,and anyway curriculum-packing runs the risk of superficiality of learning.A first degree should,ifthey have not already acquired it,develop in students the ability to learn howto learn,as well as enhance their subject-specific expertise and other relevantskills.The old saying is valid here:giving individuals each a fish might feedthem for a day,but teaching them the skills of fishing could feed them forlife.There is a need to think of the first degree in terms of the quality,ratherthan the quantity,of students learning,In todays world the first degreebecomes more of a foundation qualification,upon which graduates willexpect to build during their lives.Some might react by saying that to makesuch a shift implies a dilution of academic standardsbut the counter is thatstandards relate primarily to the quality,and not the quantity,of studentslearning.The reconstrued first degree need be no intellectual poorrelation:academic rigour can be built into curricula of widely differing focus.The standards may well be different,but they do have to be inferior.Some reduction in the volume of discipline-specific content will requirean adjustment of thought in particular,on the part of employers andprofessional bodies.The professional accreditation of some first degreeprograms is seen by some as an essential condition.However,there seems nonecessary reason for this to be the case-and it might well be to theprofessions longer-term advantage if first degree curricula were to payparticular attention to developing in graduates the ability to learn to learn,leaving subsequent professional and developmental activities to provide thetopping-up that would cohere with the professional bodies expectations.A strategic vision for higher education in the next millennium requiresmore than a muttering of the mantra of lifelong learning.Making lifelonglearning work demands a sustained commitment to fitting together the piecesof the multidimensional jigsaw whose components include educationalpurposes,values and practicalities.Academics are among the people whoought to relish this jigsaws challenge.Whippier-snapper:an insignificant,esp.young,person who appearsimpertinent.【答案】repeating the main subject of recent Dearing Report in the UK Discussion of the present time pays no attention to the examination ofthe deeper implied meaning and function of courses,no matter how peoplehave dealt with the problem that higher education serves as skill training.bachelors degree Too many courses may lead to the result that students only get thesurface meaning of studies instead of exploring deep.the argument is that standards should rather base on the excellency ofstudents learning than on the quantity of courses they have attended to People need to adjust their thought to decrease the amount andcontent of courses.if courses were designed to teach the graduates how to learn duringthe bachelors degree study,it would be helpful to the professions from thelong-term perspectiveII.Read the following passage and answer the following questions:(28分)When that Grand old Man of Victorian,William Evart Gladstone,was inhis 85th year,he was steering the second home-rule bill foe Ireland through arecalcitrant parliament and going home to translate the odes of Horace atnight,When Ronald Reagan reached the tender age of 73,he was fighting hissecond presidential election campaign.Alan Greenspan,the worlds mostsuccessful central banker,is also 73.Politics and economics are plainly jobsthat the old can do well.They are not alone.The boardrooms of the worldsbig companies are full of non-executive sages,telling whippersnapper 40-somethings how to run their firms.Why,then,are so few of the rich worlds older folk in employment?They live longer and enjoy better health than their parents did.Most jobshave become less physically demanding;most people in late middle age arewell sensibly,is no harder than training the young.But the figures show an1960,men could expect to spend 50 of their 68 years of life in paid work.Today,they are likely to work for only 38 of their 76 years.Fewer than two-thirds of men in their late 50a and early 60s ate in the rich worlds labourforce,by the time they celebrate their 55th birthday,more than half ofEuropes men have gone home to translate Horace.For most,that is something to celebrate.Never before have so manypeople been able to look forward to so many years of healthy leisure.Two-thirds of people say that they like being retired and have no desire to go backto work.There are grandchildren to enjoy,foreign countries to visit,books toread and golf games to play.The pleasures of old age less expensive,andmore widely available,than ever before.Silver-haired liningThe big question is whether all of this retirement is voluntary.It is worthasking for its own sake;in a liberal society,the old,too,should be free tochoose.But,in addition,the stampede to retire has consequences not merelyfor the old themselves.And it is often being encouraged by perverse publicpolicy.Widespread and early retirement will increasingly affect the lives ofeveryone else,for two reasons.The first is a familiar one:as the share of oldfolk in the population rises,so will the burden on the young of paying fortheir pensions and health care.The second is less discussed:the rise of thegrey-headed leisured class has consequences for economic growth,becauseof its impact on the supply of labour and of capital.Many governments,their eyes focused on the impact that futurepensions claims will have on public finances,have embarked on reforms butnot always reforms that five pensioners a freer choice.For their eyes are alsotrained in the shorter term,on high unemployment.Governments,especially in western Europe,are pressing more people to retire early,on themistaken view that this will provide jobs for the young,even as they try totrim pensioners entitlements in order to reduce the burden on publicfinances.This is unforgivable from a liberal point of view.It is also foolishfrom the perspective of public policy.The sheer size of the baby-boom generation that starts to teachretirement age over the coming decade means that there will be a simple,buthuge imbalance:too few people in work,paying taxes and pensioncontributions;too many in retirement,drawing on pensions and running uphealth costs.In that case,the main alternatives will be to renege on thepensions that workers thought they had been promised,or to raise taxes.Itwould be far better for the health of economies if much older people went onworking instead.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire havelarge effects.As long as older folk stay in the job market,they pay taxes(helping one side of the fiscal balance)and draw either no pension,or asmaller one(helping the other).Governments should recognize that people(like politicians)would preferto decide for themselves when to retire.At Present,the choice is,perversely,biased in favour of retirement.For example,in many countries,theopportunity cost of working beyond the minimum retirement age is high:workers must often leave the job market in order to receive a state pension,and even where this is not the case,they rarely earn any extra pension fortheir additional taxes and contributions,If they claim disability benefit,asmany in their late 50s and early 60s do,their pension rights are rarelyaffected.Such perverse incentives should be replaced with neutrality.Employers,often urged on by trade unions,also put obstacles of theirown in the way of older workers.Pension schemes based on defined benefitsmake it disproportionately expensive to offer jobs to older people.Payschemes that reward longs service more that merit and productivity make itdisproportionately costly to keep older workers on the payroll.And sheerdiscrimination,formally banned in the united States but flourishing in mostcountries,persuades many older folk to go home rather than risk probablerebuff.Would such changes coax 60-olds off the golf course?In America,where jobs for older workers are plentiful and the government is scrappingthe tax disincentives for older folk to work,early retirement has begun to fall.Give people a choice,and they might surprise you.Answer the following questions.1.The boardrooms of the worlds big companies are full of non-executive sages,telling whippersnapper 40-somethings how to run theirfirms.(1)what is the meaning of“boardroom”in this sentence?(2)what is meant by“non-executive sages”?(3)what is meant by“whippier-snapper 40 somethings”?【答案】(1)Boardroom is the room in which the meetings of the board ofdirectors of a company are held.(2)It means wise men that are not executives.It refers to the old men.(3)It refers to younger people around 40 who are not so experienced.2.By the time they celebrate their 55th birthday,more than half ofEuropes men have gone home to translate Horace.Do they really go home totranslate poetry?What do they do?No.The writer means that,the old go home to enjoy themselvesand do whatever appeal to them,such as reading.【答案】3.The pleasures of old age are less expensive,and more widelyavailable,than ever before.Explain the idea of this sentence in your ownwords.Nowadays,the old are able to retire earlier than ever before,asthere are so many young people waiting to be employed.And they are able toenjoy their leisure time,which has never been so easily achieved.Forexample,they can play with their grandchildren and play golf games.【答案】4.For their eyes are also trained in the shorter term,on highunemployment.What is the meaning of this sentence?They are only concerned that there are now so many peopleunemployed and thus the old should retire,because they are narrow-mindedand are not able to perceive the whole matter from a long-term perspective.【答案】5.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire have large effects.Explain in your own words.If people retire a little bit later,it will greatly influence thecurrent situation.【答案】6.Pay schemes that reward long service more than merit andproductivity make it disproportionately costly to keep older workers on thepayroll.(1)why is it very costly to keep older workers on the payroll?(2)what is meant by“to keep.on the payroll”?【答案】(1)It is costly to hire older workers because of the pay scheme in whichtime of service is emphasized instead of capacity and productivity.Consequently,they tend to have higher wages.(2)It means to hire older workers.7.Does the author of this article advocate that workers reachingretirement age should stay on their jobs?If so,why?If not,what does headvocate?Yes.He advocates that old people continue to work becausetheir early retirement means fewer people at work,paying taxes and pensioncontributions,while more people drawing on pensions and running up healthcosts.Consequently,the economy is not balanced.The author insists thatpeople should be given the right to make their own choice whether tocontinue to work or not.【答案】III.Translate the following Chinese passage into English.(40分)从诞生的那天起，人类就开始一刻也不停地创造着他的文明。从埃及的金字塔到中国的万里长城，从达芬奇名画中蒙娜丽莎那微笑到梵高那色彩斑斓的向日葵，从撼人心魄的英雄交响曲到动人的天湖，从荷马史诗到红楼梦，无一不是前人留给后世的宝贵遗产。就中国人而言，对秦始皇兵马俑，我们有无限的赞叹，对于万里长城我们有无限的自豪。但对于我们的无形遗产、曾经塑造了我们民族精神的儒家、道家文化，我们却知之甚少。传统中的视个人道德为人生的最高价值所在，已在“现代生活”中成为笑谈。我们不仅在生活方式上盲目地追求西方，不仅说着写着已经欧化的句子，而且在文学、历史、哲学这些人文学科领域里，到处用着西方的理论、术语。我们这里并不是反对西方的东西，西方的这些理论都是世界文化遗产的一分子，我们也应该加以保护和继承。但是，一个民族之所以成其为一个民族，必须有其自身的东西。我们应该认真地研读和思考本民族的文化典籍，在继承与更新中把其中所铭刻的文化脉络延续下去。【参考译文】From the beginning of its birth,mankind has been in their continuousefforts to create its civilization.From the Pyramids in Egypt to the Great Wallin China,from the Mona Lisas smile in the well-known painting of Da Vincito the colorful sunflowers of Vincent Van Gogh,from the soul-stirring“Heroic Symphony”to the moving“Swan Lake”,from Iliad and Odyssey toDream of the Red Chamber,all are treasurable legacy left by ancestors tolater generations.As Chinese,we marvel at Emperor Qins terra-cotta warriors and horsesand take pride in the Great Wall.However,we know little of the invisiblelegacythe culture of Confucianism and Taoism,which has molded ournational spirit.It has become a joke in“modern life”to consider individualmorality the highest value of life.We not only follow blindly the west inlifestyle and speak and write Europeanized sentences,but also adopt westerntheories and terms in the fields of humanities such as literature,history andphilosophy.We do not mean to deny western things that should also beprotected and inherited,for all the western theories are part of the worldcultural heritage.Nevertheless,only with something unique that belongs toits own a nation can be called a natio