1、大厚度 NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝微裂纹吴栋1,董文超1,鲁艳红2,侯冬冬2,张茂龙2,陆善平1(1.中国科学院金属研究所沈阳材料科学研究中心,沈阳110016;2.上海电气核电装备有限公司,上海201306)摘要:通过金相显微镜、扫描显微镜和电子背散射衍射方法对一种大厚度 NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝中的微裂纹进行了表征和机制分析,焊接方法分别为焊条电弧焊(SMAW)和钨极氩弧焊(GTAW).结果表明,该种热裂纹为沿晶的再热裂纹,其形成是由于焊接热影响区在高温下发生应力松弛现象,导致晶界大尺寸 MC 型碳化物和氧化物处出现应力集中,造成裂纹沿这些颗粒内部或界面开裂.相比于 GTAW 工艺,
2、SMAW 工艺的焊缝中存在大量氧化物,造成 SMAW 焊缝再热裂纹倾向高于 GTAW 焊缝,进而导致前者焊缝弯曲性能不符合国家标准要求.通过此研究,建议采用保护气效果更佳的 GTAW 工艺.创新点:(1)论文分析对象为厚度 200 mm 的压水堆支撑块 NiFeCr-7 堆焊金属,具有较强的应用价值.(2)发现氧化物和碳化物是引起大厚度 NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝中微裂纹的重要原因.(3)通过工艺改进显著降低了微裂纹敏感性,并改善了焊缝抗弯性能.关键词:镍基焊缝;熔化焊;沿晶裂纹;微观组织中图分类号:TG401文献标识码:Adoi:10.12073/j.hjxb.202207220010序言
3、压水堆压力容器中存在大量焊接工作,其中径向支撑块与过渡段之间为 NC30Fe 镍基高温合金与 16MND5 锻件的异质焊接1.支撑块焊缝厚度较大,可达到 200 mm 以上,焊接通常采用焊条电弧焊或钨极氩弧焊等焊接方法,填充材料则一般选用与高温合金侧同质的镍基焊材 E(ER)NiCrFe-7 系列焊材1.研究表明,NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝具有一定的点状缺陷和裂纹敏感性,即使严格控制焊接工艺时,这些缺陷也难以完全避免2-3.众所周知,裂纹在焊缝中的危害相当大,可能导致焊接接头过早失效,存在巨大的安全隐患,因此绝大多数焊接探伤规范均对裂纹提出了苛刻的评判指标.为了降低 NiCrFe-7 系列焊
4、缝的裂纹敏感性,通常从焊接材料和工艺两方面进行焊接质量的改进和控制.研究表明,NiCrFe-7 系列焊缝裂纹常见为一种失塑裂纹3-4,其机制基于镍基高温合金的中温失塑现象:在 500 900 左右 Ni 基合金倾向于发生沿晶断裂,表现出低塑行为5-6,这同时也是多数奥氏体合金面临的中温脆性问题.为了改善失塑裂纹,国外在 NiCrFe-7 基础上添加 Nb 元素、Mo 元素,开发 NiCrFe-13 焊材,然而研究表明 NiCrFe-13 焊缝的液化裂纹倾向较高7,而且国内目前对于该焊材的现场数据还较少,因此还未被广泛应用.虽然镍基合金的中温失塑现象被广泛研究,但影响其中温失塑程度的因素却存在多
5、种观点,研究表明合金中的杂质8、晶界 M23C6型碳化物9、晶界弯曲度10-11等都可能是影响失塑现象的关键,而这些与焊缝成分、焊接工艺均密切有关.另一方面,焊接应力水平也是引发裂纹的必要因素之一,特别对于多层多道的大厚度镍基焊缝,其裂纹的形成因素则更加复杂.因此,要研究 NiCrFe-7 焊缝中的裂纹问题,应针对具体的焊缝特点来展开研究.文中针对某次在压水堆径向支撑件工艺评定中发现的焊缝裂纹问题展开了详细的表征和分析,通过渗透探伤,金相显微镜(OM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射(EBSD)对镍基焊缝的裂纹形成机制进行了研究.收稿日期:20220722基金项目:国家重点研发计划资助项
6、目(2018YFA0702902)第44卷第6期2 0 2 3 年 6 月焊 接 学 报TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTIONVol.44(6):15 19June 20231试验方法焊缝两侧母材分别为低合金钢 16MND5 和镍基高温合金 NC30Fe,焊材为 NiCrFe-7.焊缝厚度为 200 mm,接头形式为双面坡口对接接头.16MND5 侧熔敷隔离层厚度大于 7 mm.焊接方法采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW)和钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)两种.焊后热处理制度为 600 保温 24 h.通过CuCl2+HCl+H2O 溶液对磨抛的试样进行刻蚀,用
7、于观察焊缝的低倍和微观组织.用于 EBSD 观察的试样在磨抛后进行离子刻蚀,以消除试样表面的残余应力.通过焊缝侧向弯曲试验来评价焊缝的抗裂性能,侧弯试样厚度为 8 mm,弯曲角度为 180.弯曲后通过着色渗透探伤来观察受拉面的破坏情况.2试验结果2.1弯曲试验SMAW 焊缝弯曲后不符合标准要求,焊缝面出现了明显的宏观裂纹.为了提高裂纹显现程度,对焊缝侧弯后的试样表面进行了着色渗透探伤.结果显示 SMAW 焊缝受拉面上显示较多缺陷.GTAW焊缝弯曲后表面没有观察到缺陷,同时后者弯曲结果符合GB/T 26532008标准要求.2.2焊缝裂纹由于弯曲后缺陷附近的微观组织已发生严重形变,难以分析缺陷形
8、成根源.对试样弯曲过程进行简单的受力分析可知,随着距受拉表面的深度增加,所受拉应力逐渐减小,直至中间深度(4 mm)的拉应力为 0 MPa,因此切取距受拉表面下方 2 mm内层,该处拉应力相对于表层较小,微观组织变形较小,可对其进行观察,未发现 GTAW 焊缝有裂纹存在(图 1),但发现 SMAW 焊缝弯曲后存在若干裂纹(图 2a 中白色箭头所指),通过扫描电镜表征,这些裂纹均为沿晶裂纹(图 2b),在拉应力作用下,这些裂纹沿晶界的长度可达几十至几百微米.经过详细的金相照片统计发现,SMAW 的沿晶裂纹均分布在后层焊道对前层焊道所产生的热影响区(HAZ)内,且大部分位于两相邻焊道重叠 HAZ
9、处(图 2a),这一规律表明焊接热循环很可能是裂纹形成的诱因之一.2.3焊缝组织对未经弯曲变形的 SMAW 焊缝原始组织进行观察,裂纹数量明显较弯曲后的焊缝少,但仍能发现类似于弯曲试样内的裂纹,如图 3a,3b 所示,该裂纹也是分布在 HAZ 内,但其尺寸明显小于弯曲后焊缝内的裂纹(图 1b),而且长度方向还保留着不连续的特征(图 3b),这表明弯曲试样内的裂纹并非在弯曲过程中萌生,而是本身存在于焊缝中,这些微裂纹在弯曲过程中进一步扩展,导致长度和开口宽度均显著增加,进而促进了弯曲试样的开裂.而且微裂纹更具有空洞的形貌特征.从图 1b 也可发 200 m 图1GTAW 焊缝侧弯后试样金相组织F
10、ig.1The microstructure of GTAW sample after thebendingtest 2 mm裂纹100 m晶界晶界裂纹(a)焊缝内部低倍组织(b)沿晶裂纹 图2SMAW 焊缝侧弯后试样缺陷形貌Fig.2MorphologyofthedefectsintheSMAWsampleafterthebendingtest.(a)macrostructureoftheweldmetal;(b)micro-crackatthegrainboundary16焊 接 学 报第44卷现,裂纹面并无液膜组织,表明该种裂纹并非奥氏体合金 HAZ 中常见的液化裂纹,而是一种固相裂纹.
11、图 3c 和图 3d 分别为图 3b 中白色框范围的KAM 图和局部取向差分布情况 KAM 图,可见在微裂纹附近出现了较明显的晶格畸变,对应于较大的应力集中现象.500 m10 m50 m(a)微裂纹定位(b)裂纹金相形貌(c)裂纹 KAM 图(d)局部取向差50403020归一化分数/%100012局部取向差/()340.30.20.101234 图3弯曲前 SMAW 焊缝中微裂纹分析Fig.3Analysisofthemicro-crackintheSMAWweldmetalbeforebendingtest.(a)locationofthemicro-crack;(b)magnifica
12、tionof(a);(c)KAMofthemicro-crackshowedinFig.3a,Fig.3b;(d)thelocalorientationof(c)对裂纹进行能谱分析(图 4),发现裂纹附近存在析出相颗粒,这些颗粒富集 Nb 元素和 Mo 元素,或者富集 Al 元素、Mn 元素、Ti 元素和 O 元素.文献 3-4 表明,NiCrFe-7 焊缝中的这种富 Nb、Mo 相为焊接凝固末期形成的一次 MC 型碳化物,这种富Al、Mn、Ti 和 O 的析出相(图 4)则为球状氧化物.在高温合金焊缝金属凝固过程中,焊缝中的氧与活泼元素(如 Al 元素、Mn 元素、Ti 元素等)结合,形成氧
13、化物夹杂,在焊接凝固末期,枝晶间的残余液相中富集大量 Nb 元素、Mo 元素、Ti 元素、C 元素等易偏析元素,Nb 元素、Mo 元素与 C 元素的结合能力较强、因此易形成 MC 型一次碳化物,此外,提前形成的氧化物还可为这些碳化物提供非均匀形核位置促进其形成.另一方面,焊缝凝固晶界在高温固相冷却过程中会在发生迁移以减小界面能,迁移时会被碳化物和氧化物钉轧,从而使晶界上出现颗粒物和氧化物,如图 4 所示.2.4裂纹形成机理分析基于表征结果,研究中发现的裂纹具备如下特征:沿晶开裂;倾向于分布在受到多次热循环的 HAZ 内;固相裂纹;附近存在第二相颗粒(MC 碳化物和氧化物)和应力集中现象.焊缝裂
14、纹的形成通常可以从组织应力温度 3 个方面分析,裂纹AlOTiMnMoSiNbNiCrFe1 m 图4裂纹处氧化物及富 Nb、Mo 碳化物的元素分布Fig.4Element distribution of the oxides and carbideslocatedinthemicro-crack第6期吴栋,等:大厚度 NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝微裂纹17该镍基焊缝中的裂纹处于 HAZ 的晶界,附近有大块(微米级)一次 MC 碳化物和氧化物(图 4),裂纹沿碳化物内部或者沿相界面断裂,相周围具有严重的晶格畸变(图 3c),因此推测裂纹可能是由于晶界第二相(如 MC、氧化物)周围的应力集中使第
15、二相或者第二相/晶粒界面产生开裂.应力和温度可为裂纹形成提供便利条件,焊接热影响区温度高,且温度梯度较大,因此经热循环作用后,该区域会存在局部的应力集中,同时由于温度较高,可能发生应力松弛现象,并且在多道次的高温热循环反复作用下更易产生应力松弛.高温下奥氏体晶界较薄弱,易产生晶界滑移来配合应力松弛变形12,晶界处碳化物或者氧化物等颗粒对晶界的滑移产生阻碍作用,引起应力集中,从而在其周围形成裂纹,或者直接造成碳化物开裂,这一现象一般称为再热裂纹.再热裂纹和 DDC 裂纹较为相似,裂纹性质都为固态下产生的裂纹,本质上都是材料的晶界低塑性所致,但 MC 型碳化物通常对 DDC 裂纹具有抑制作用.2.
16、5焊接工艺对裂纹的影响GTAW 工艺下,焊缝弯曲性能合格,且弯曲后的微观组织内并未发现明显的裂纹,表明 GTAW焊缝的抗裂性能优于 SMAW 焊缝.将 SMAW 和GTAW 焊缝精细抛光后进行金相观察,分别如图 5a和 5b 所示,由于未进行刻蚀处理,可以显著地观察到 SMAW 焊 缝 内 存 在 较 多 氧 化 物 夹 杂,而GTAW 焊缝内的夹杂物则很少.使用氮氧氢分析仪对焊缝进行检测,结果见表 1,SMAW 中的氧含量明显高于 GTAW,这与图 5 中显示的两种焊缝的夹杂物的数量差别相一致.这一结果进一步验证了氧化物是促进本研究中的 NiCrFe-7 焊缝沿晶裂纹的重要原因之一.GTAW
17、 焊接通过焊枪喷出的纯氩笼罩在熔池表面,起到防止熔池氧化的作用;SMAW 焊接时通过焊条外层的药皮覆盖在熔池表面,防止熔池氧化,由于药皮成分中含有氧化物,因此可能造成焊缝中的氧化物夹杂偏多.可见通过SMAW 焊接工艺进行 Ni 基合金的焊接时,需关注氧化物引入的问题,应尽量采用实施熔池保护措施,避免焊缝内产生过多的氧化物.表1焊缝金属内的 O 元素、N 元素、H 元素含量(质量分数,%)Table1O,N,Hcontentsintheweldmetals 焊接工艺ONHSMAW0.0840.0190.000 92GTAW0.008 00.0100.000 59 3结论(1)SMAW 焊缝内存在
18、较高的再热裂纹倾向,该裂纹为沿晶裂纹,位于焊缝金属内受多次热循环的 HAZ 内,导致室温弯曲性能不满足国家标准要求;GTAW 焊缝内的再热裂纹倾向较低,弯曲性能符合国家标准要求;(2)SMAW 焊缝再热裂纹的形成是由于热影响区在高温下发生应力松弛现象,导致焊接晶界大尺寸 MC 型碳化物和氧化物处出现应力集中,造成裂纹沿这些颗粒内部或界面开裂;(3)SMAW 焊缝再热裂纹倾向高于 GTAW 焊缝,是由于前者比后者存在更多的微米级氧化物夹杂,建议焊接 NiCrFe-7 时尽量避免引入过多的氧化物夹杂,推荐采用保护性更加优秀的 GTAW 焊接工艺.参考文献刘鸣宇,张斌,吴义党.CPR1000 反应堆
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26、ureMaterialsandProcesses,2010,29:6168.12第一作者:吴栋,1988 年出生,博士,副研究员;主要从事高性能焊材研制与熔化焊焊缝缺陷控制,发表论文 10 余篇;Email:.通信作者:陆善平,研究员,主要从事焊接冶金、特种焊材与焊接工艺研发工作;Email:.(编辑:张基隆)第6期吴栋,等:大厚度 NiCrFe-7 熔化焊焊缝微裂纹19MAIN TOPICS,ABSTRACTS&KEY WORDSResearch on the constraint of SE(T)specimen based oncrack tip plastic zone paramet
27、ers XIA Congcong1,ZHAO Yangyang1,DAI Lianshuang2,GONG Baoming1,DENG Caiyan1,WANG Dongpo1(1.School of Materials Sci-ence and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin Key Laborat-ory of Advanced Joining Technology,Tianjin,300072,China;2.China Oil&Gas Pipeline Network Corporation,Beijing,100020,China).pp
28、 1-7r1/2p0r1/2pmaxA1/4pzPr1/2p0r1/2pmaxA1/4pzPAbstract:In this paper,X80 high-strength pipeline steel istaken as the research object.Combined with numerical andtheoretical analysis,the constraint parameters、based on the geometric characteristics of the plasticzone at the crack tip are studied for th
29、e crack tip stress of dif-ferent single edge notch tensile SE(T)specimens.The in-planeand out-of-plane constraint effects on the fracture toughness ofSE(T)specimens of X80 pipeline steel were quantified by frac-ture toughness tests.The relationship between、,the uniform of in-plane and out-of-plane c
30、onstraintbased on the plastic zone at the crack tip,and the stress intens-ity factor K were established.The analytical relationshipbetween the constraint parameters and the T stress(T11 and T33)was determined,and the fracture toughness prediction methodsunder small-scale yield conditions were propos
31、ed through fi-nite element simulation and theoretical analysis.Highlights:The in-plane and out-of-plane constraint effectson the fracture toughness of SE(T)specimens of X80 pipelinesteel were quantified.the fracture toughness prediction meth-ods were proposed through finite element simulation and th
32、eor-etical analysis.Key words:fracture;the plastic zone;single edge notchtensile;constraint Study on the reactive wetting process of TiZrNiCu onTA1/TC4 heterogeneous interface GAO Dejun1,WU Sh-aowang2,YANG Shengxu2,ZHANG Chenghao1,LIUYongxu1,SI Xiaoqing1,CAO Jian1(1.State Key Laboratory ofAdvanced W
33、elding and Joining,Harbin Institute of Techno-logy,Harbin,150001,China;2.Xian Space Engine Com-pany Limited,Xian,710100,China).pp 8-14Abstract:Ti51ZrNiCu filler alloy was used to study the re-active wetting process on TA1/TC4 heterogeneous interface.The interfacial microstructure of different surfac
34、es was studiedby scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersivespectrometer(EDS)and wetting angle measuring instrument.And the influences of experiment parameters on interfacial mi-crostructure and wettability were summarized.The filling ex-periment was finished to evaluate the wetting and spre
35、adingability of TiZrNiCu on TA1/TC4 heterogeneous interface.Theempirical equation of filling experiment was summarized.Theempirical equation,h=4 000/a,was used to assess filling abil-ity of TiZrNiCu on TA1/TC4 heterogeneous interface at 935 for 3 min.In this empirical equation,the unit of brazing ga
36、p ais m,and the unit of climbing height h is mm.Highlights:(1)The filling experiment about wetting andspreading ability of Ti51ZrNiCu on TA1/TC4 heterogeneousinterface was designed.(2)The empirical equation was summarized to evaluate thewetting and spreading ability.Key words:TC4 alloy;TA1 alloy;TiZ
37、rNiCu filler alloy;wetting behaviour;filling experiment Study on micro-cracks of the NiCrFe-7 weld metal withlarge thickness WU Dong1,DONG Wenchao1,LU Yan-hong2,HOU Dongdong2,ZHANG Maolong2,LU Shanping1(1.Institute of Metal Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China;2.Shanghai Electr
38、ic Nuclear PowerEquipment Corporation Ltd.,Shanghai 201306,China).pp 15-19Abstract:Micro-cracks in a NiCrFe-7 weld metal with largethickness were characterized and analyzed by metallographicmicroscopy,scanning microscopy,and electron backscatter dif-fraction.Two kinds of welding methods,shielded met
39、al arcwelding(SMAW)and gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW),wereapplied in our study.The results showed that the crack was akind of reheating crack along the grain boundaries in the heat2023,Vol.44,No.6TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTIONIaffected zone(HAZ).These cracks were induced by the stress
40、relaxation in the heat affected zone during welding process,which resulted in local stress concentration around the large-size MC carbides and oxides.The cracks nucleated andpropagated within these particles or along the interfaces of theparticles/matrix.Compared with the GTAW process,therewere a la
41、rge number of oxides in the weld metal of the SMAWprocess.Therefore,the tendency of reheating cracks in theSMAW was much higher than that of the GTAW,which resul-ted in the bending properties of the former weld failed to meetthe requirements of the national standard.The GTAW processwith better effec
42、t of protective gas was recommended for theNi-base weld metal with large thickness.Highlights:(1)The large-thickness NiCrFe-7 weld metal ap-plied in the pressure vessel of pressurized water reactor wasconsidered,which has a significant value for application(2)Oxides and carbides were found to be the
43、 important causesof microcracks in the weld metal(3)Microcrack susceptibility was significantly decreased andweld bending resistance was improved by the welding processimprovementKey words:Ni-base weld;fusion welding;intergranularcrack;microstructure Fatigue reliability analysis of load-carrying cru
44、ciformjoints with misalignment effects SONG Wei1,MANZheng2,XU Jie2,WEI Shoupan3,CUI Muchun3,SHI Xiaojian3,LIU Xuesong4(1.Xuzhou University of Technology,Xuzhou221111,China;2.China University of Mining and Techno-logy,Xuzhou,221008,China;3.Xuzhou XCMG Mining Ma-chinery Company,Xuzhou,221000,China;4.S
45、tate KeyLaboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining,Harbin Instituteof Technology,150001,China).pp 20-26,34Abstract:Exploring the effect of defects on the fatigue per-formance of welded joints is an important content in con-trolling the quality of welding process.This paper introducesthe defect effec
46、ts,based on cumulative life-critical damage toestablish fatigue reliability analysis model of misaligned load-carrying cruciform welded joints.First,the finite element mod-els were established based on the geometrical and defect char-acteristics and cyclic loading conditions of experimental speci-me
47、ns.Then the fatigue performance of local parameters wasexplored based on the average strain energy density method(SED)and hot spot stress method(HS).Secondly,a reliabilityanalysis model was established by combining BP neural net-work and Miners linear cumulative damage theory to quantitat-ively anal
48、yze the effects of cycle loading,coefficient of vari-ation on fatigue reliability and fatigue damage.The resultsshow the axial and angular misalignments and their probabilitydistribution parameters significantly affect the fatigue life dis-tribution and reliability probability of welded joints.The r
49、eli-ability model provides a reference method for fatigue lifedesign to monitoring and maintenance engineering weldments.Highlights:(1)The reliability analysis model including geo-metry,defects characteristics was established by combinedwith the average strain energy density theory.(2)Based on the t
50、heory of probability and statistics,the fatiguedamage was systematically analyzed with the defect distribu-tion and dispersion.Key words:welding defects;misalignment;fatigue reliab-ility;local analysis method Distribution law and statistical treatment method of frac-ture toughness in heat-affected z