同等学力申硕英语语法辅导.doc

2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第1讲）动词不定式（一）不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语可用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。1. To see is to believe.（主语）2. It is right to give up smoking.（主语）3. He wanted to go.（宾语）4. I find it interesting to work with him.（宾语）5. I have some books for you to read.（定语）6. I came here to see you.（状语）7. The question is difficult to answer.（状语）8. He is too old to do that. （状语）9. The room is big enough to hold us.（状语）10. To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. （独立结构）11. He gave the order to start the attack.（同位语）在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make 等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。1. I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.2. They made the boy go to bed early.The boy was made to go to bed early.不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。1. She could do nothing but cry.2. What do you like to do besides swim?3. I have no choice but to go.4. They desired nothing but to succeed.在cannot but, cannot choose but 与cannot help but 之后的不定式一般不带to.1. I cannot but admire his courage.2. He could not choose but love her.3. The cause could not help but be advanced today.在would rather, would sooner, other than would ratherthan 等之后用不带to的不定式。1. I would rather go than stay.2. No one could do other than admire it.3. They would sooner go for a drink.动词不定式作定语时，如果其与所修饰的名词或代词呈动宾关系时，即通常所谓的反射不定式，此时不定式的动词是不及物动词，或者所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。1. There is nothing to worry about.2. He is looking for a room to live in.3. Please give me a knife to cut with.4. I need a pen to write with.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。He had no money and no place to live.动词不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，有句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。1. He didnt know what to say.2. How to solve the problem is very important.3. My question is when to start.4. I can tell you where to get this book.有时疑问词前可用介词。e.g. I have no idea of how to do it.动词不定式在与why 连用时，只用于why 或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面跟不带 to 的动词不定式。1. Why talk so much about it?2. Why not have a rest?为了避免重复句子前面已经出现过的动词，不定式常可省去动词原形，只留下不定式符号to。1. He may go if he wishes to.2. Dont go till I tell you to.2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第2讲）动词不定式二九、不定式的逻辑主语：for+名词（代词）+不定式1. Its just impossible for a child to do that job.2. It is necessary for goods to be packed in strong cases.当表语形容词为good, kind, nice, honest, wise, clever, right, thoughtful, tactful（老练的）, polite, courteous（礼貌的）, sensible, bold, bad, stupid, cruel（残忍的）, rude, impolite, wrong, silly等可以修饰人的行为、性格特征等词语时，不定式的逻辑主语由“of+名词（代词）+不定式”构成。1. It is wise of him to settle the case that way.2. Its kind of you to say so.十、动词不定式的时态不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。e.g. I saw him go out.如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。e.g. 1. I am very glad to be working with you.2. You wont want to be washing at this time of night.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。e.g. 1. Im sorry to have kept you waiting.2. To have known her is a privilege.十一、动词不定式的被动式e.g. 1. He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.2. It is possible for our hopes to be realized.3. The problem remains to be solved.在want, like, wish, have, get, leave, see, watch, hear, make等动词后用作宾语补语的被动不定式可省去to be.e.g. 1. When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult to make myself understood.2. You will see this product advertised wherever you go.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式用主动形式。e.g. Have you got a key to unlock the door(A key unlocks the door.)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。e.g. 1. I have got a letter to write. (I write letter)2. He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)3. I know what to do. (I do what.) 这句话改成从句要用被动形式：I know what is to be done.不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。e.g. 1. He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)2. The book is difficult to understand.(to understand the book)在there be 的结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。e.g. 1. There is a lot of work to do.(Somebody has to do the work.)2. There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)3. There is nothing to do. 意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。4. There is nothing to be done. 意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。有些句子习惯上须用不定式被动式。e.g. 1. Such things are to be seen any day.这种事哪一天都可遇到。2. This is a day never to be forgotten.这是令人难忘的一天。3. There was no sound to be heard.听不到有什么声音。4. Sure you know what is to be done.你肯定知道应该怎么办。双重被动式：be+过去分词+不定式被动式常用这种双重被动式的动词有allow, announce, attempt, believe, desire, enable, expect, intend, know, mean, order, permit, propose, report, say等。e.g. 1. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.2. I let him know what was intended to be done.3. More than 250 tons of oranges are expected to be harvested this year in the county.4. The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Alice became its first president.2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第3讲）名词性从句名词性从句由引导连词that, whether; 连接代词 what, who, whom, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever; 以及连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、主语从句主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。1. It is certain that she will do well in her exam.2. It happened that I was out that day.3. It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.if 引导的主语从句只能放句尾，而whether引导的主语从句既可放句首，也可放在句尾。1. Whether there is life on other planets is not yet know.2. Its not sure if he will succeed.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 可引导主语从句1. Whoever comes will be welcome.2. Whatever he did was right.二、宾语从句如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。He has made it clear that he will not give in.连词that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that 引导，则需用it 先行一步，作形式宾语。1. He is a good student except that he is careless.2. You may depend on it that they will support you.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词that 可省略。（有些语法书认为是状语从句）1. I am not sure what I ought to do.2. Im afraid you dont understand what I said.3. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.if 和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether常和 or not连用，if 则不与or not 连用；宾语从句是否定句时，一般用if 引导。1. I wonder whether it is true or not.2. I dont care if it doesnt rain.为避免引起歧义，常用whether 引导宾语从句。比较：1. Please let me know if you want to go.2. Please let me know whether you want to go.作介词宾语只能用whether, 不能用if。Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.介词宾语不可以用which 来引导，而要用what 来引导。Are you sorry for what youve done?连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever 可引导宾语从句1. Ill show you whatever you want to see.2. You may choose whoever you like.doubt 一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或 if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。1. I doubt whether he will come soon.2. I do not doubt that he will come soon.3. Do you doubt that he will come soon?4. I doubt that he will come. (转换词意：认为未必可能)三、表语从句系动词be, seem, look等后，可接由as if 引导的表语从句。It looked as if it was going to rain.连词because可引导表语从句。1. I think it is because you are doing too much.2. My anger is because he hadnt written to me for a long time.四、同位语从句用以说明抽象名词的具体内容，常见的同位语从句抽象名词有：fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, order, problem, belief, doubt, fear, promise, answer, condition, report等。1. We heard the news that our team had won.2. He cant answer the question how he got the money.连接代词who, what, whose, which 不能引导同位语从句。010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第4讲）倒 装一、完全倒装：即全部谓语放在主语之前。1、here (there, now, then )+ 不及物动词e.g. 1. Here comes the bus. 2. There goes the bell. 3. Now comes your turn.注意：代词作主语时，主谓语序不变e.g. 1. Here it is. 2. Here he comes.2、在描写情景时，为了更生动，可以把out, in, up, down, away之类的状语放在主语前面，用完全倒装形式。但如果主语是人称代词时，谓语就不变动。e.g. 1. Out went the children. 2. Down flew the plane.3、当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，常常引起全部倒装。e.g. 1. South of the city lies a big steel factory.2. From the valley came a frightening sound.4、表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。e.g. 1. Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.2. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.3. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.5、so, nor, neither 开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容。原句的谓语应与前句谓语的时态、形式相一致。e.g. 1. He has been to Beijing. So have I. 2. Li Wei cant answer the question. Neither can I.二、部分倒装：即只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。1、as作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要采用倒装语序。（这种结构中，主谓并不倒装。表语是名词时，名词前面不加任何冠词。）e.g. 1. Hero as he is, he still has short comings. 2. Much as I like it, Ill not buy it.3. Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 4. Try as he would, he might fail again.2、省略了if的条件句，were, had或should可提到句首构成部分倒装。e.g. Were I not so busy, I should go with you.3、在sothat（如此以致于）句型中，若so提至句首，则构成部分倒装。e.g. So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.4、用于no soonerthan, hardlywhen 和not until句型中。e.g. 1. Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.2. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.5、用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once 等词开头的句子。e.g. 1. Never shall I do this again. 2. Little did he know who the woman was.6、用于only开头的句子（only后面为副词、介词或状语从句）e.g. 1. Only in this way can you master English.2. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write fluently.注意：如果only后面的词组不是状语，则不用倒装。(即如果接名词或代词时)e.g. Only Wang Ling knows this.7、在含有no 的词出现在句首时，采用部分倒装，为了强调。e.g. 1. In no way can they leave freely. 他们决不能随便离开。2. Nowhere could they find the lost child.8、用于某些表示祝愿的句子。e.g. 1. May you succeed! 2. Long live the people! 3. May you all be happy!2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第5讲）主谓一致(一)1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。2）当either or 与neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。4. 谓语需用单数1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。4) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news is very exciting.形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第6讲）1. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：All is right.一切顺利。All are present.人都到齐了。2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：His family isnt very large. 他家成员不多。His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：A number of +名词复数+复数动词。The number of +名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.2. 与后接名词或代词保持一致1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。例如：Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第7讲）强调句（一）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It is in the year of 1949 that Peoples Republic of China was founded.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。e.g. Is it in the year of 1949 that Peoples Republic of China was founded.?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？e.g. When and where was it that you found the book?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。（二）not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till he finished his homework.强调句：It was not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。考试大祝大家牛年大吉！e.g. Do hand in your homework today. 务必今天交作业。He did call you yesterday. 昨天他确实给你打电话了。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。2010年同等学力申硕英语语法辅导（第8讲）It的用法（一）作人称代词1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it. （it代替前面Theytown分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree） The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. - Who is it? - Its me.- Who are singing? - It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle? - No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours? - No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on the desk.5、it与that的区别：