100mw晶体硅太阳能并网光伏发电站项目可行性研究报告书.doc

live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on the dictionary until he was very old. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, Where are we going? It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now, I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, When are we leaving and when are we coming back? I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined lookthe kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in. Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain. At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold. Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and the high altitude,the Mekong becomes wide，brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINSAlthough it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?Thats what we looked like! Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze.However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didnt need to encourage her. To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. We seemed to be able to see for miles. At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. Then we began going down the hills. It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. At this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts. In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat. After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake. At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. It was so quiet. There was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly wait to see them!PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEYCambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population. At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. Her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. Then we came to the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia. In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh City; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. It can only be seen outside the palace on special days. We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late. We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before.第一章 项目提要1.1项目名称100MW晶体硅太阳能并网光伏发电站建设项目1.2 承担单位某某泥多佛大有限公司1.3 建设地点某省某市某地区1.4建设内容及规模本项目建设总用地面积为2190亩（折合约1459985M2），主要建设内容为：办公用房、道路、围墙、机房、方阵基础等。1.5建设期限2009年6月至2011年6月1.6编制依据本建议书主要以下列文件和基本资料为编制依据：(1) 中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议；(2) 可再生能源法；(3) 财政部财建2009129号文件太阳能光电建筑应用财政补助资金管理暂行办法；(4) XX市总体规划(5)国家发改委、建设部发布的建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）；(6)项目单位提供的其他有关数据、资料和说明。1.7编制范围本项目建议书依据国家政策、法规及省市有关文件规定和要求对项目建设的必要性、建设规模、技术方案、内外部条件、投资效益等方面进行分析，供项目主管部门决策和业主对项目实施时进行参考。1.8 总投资及资金筹措项目总投资240155万元，其中：工程费用220507万元，工程建设其他费用4700万元，预备费用9008万元，专项费用5940万元。其资金筹措方式为：项目业主自筹50155万元，申请国家专项资金100000万元，申请银行贷款50000万元，社会融资40000万元。1.9 项目效益太阳能光伏发电系统是绿色能源产业,在湖南地区100MW太阳能发电站，预计年发电量为14000万度，年节约标准煤58500吨，减少二氧化硫排放47吨，氮氧化物82 9吨，烟尘282吨，二氧化碳210000吨，具有良好的环境效益和社会效益。第二章 项目建设的必要性和可行性2.1 项目由来随着我国经济的发展，电力供应紧张问题已日益突出，采用绿色环保能源，提高我国居民生活环境，实现我国可持续发展，已成为我国经济发展的主轴。全球能源供给形势日趋紧张，全球气候变暖也严重威胁经济发展和人类的生存环境，世界各国都在寻求新的能源替代战略，以求实现可持续发展，并在日后的发展中获取优势地位。而环境状况的恶化也正提出警示，再不加大清洁能源和可再生能源的份额，世界的经济发展速度也将受到威胁。提高可再生能源利用率，发展太阳能发电是改善生态、保护环境的有效途径。纵观国际形势的变化，煤、石油、天然气等不可再生资源在很大程度上影响着世界经济格局的变化。然而，能源危机是制约可持续发展的关键因素，不可再生资源产生的废气（CO2和SO2）对大气所产生的环境污染和温室效应使人类的生存环境不断地恶化。为了解决“能源危机”和“环境污染”这两个迫在眉睫的问题，人们将眼光投向 “取之不尽、用之不竭”的绿色无污染的太阳能。太阳能光伏发电以其清洁、源源不断、安全等显著优势，成为关注重点。利用我国的荒漠资源发展光伏电站，充分利用土地资源，变废为宝，是保障我国能源供应战略安全，大幅减少排放和保证可持续发展的重大战略举措。人类从地球表面采集的能源约99.98来自太阳能。那么我们地球太阳能的能量倒底大到什么程度？折合成电能约为1771014KW，这一数值比全世界平均消费的电能还在大数十万倍。也就是说，即使用于文明活动的总能量比现在的数值再大几倍，其程度也就相当于太阳黑子活动所引起的到达地面后的能量所产生的误差一样小，而且这一能源是不会枯竭的。光伏发电将在二十一世纪前半期超过核电成为最重要的基础能源2.2 项目建设的必要性（1）项目建设符合国家产业发展政策2006年1月9日，胡锦涛总书记在全国科学技术大会上的讲话中特别提到：要把发展能源、水资源和环境保护技术放在优先位置。温家宝总理在谈到我国十一五规划纲要时特别指示：“要把发展能源资源和环境保护技术放在优先位置”。他在考察无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司时指出：“太阳能技术关系到中国的能源战略，要大力发展这一产业！”2009年2月4日温家宝总理主持召开了国务院常务会议，审议并原则通过装备制造业调整振兴规划，会议指出，装备制造业是为国民经济各行业提供技术装备的战略性产业，加快振兴装备制造业，必须依托国家重点建设工程，促进产业结构优化升级，全面提升产业竞争力，一要依托高效清洁发电等领域的重点工程，有针对性地实现重点产品国内制造，推进以企业为主体的产学研结合，鼓励科研院所走进企业，支持企业培养壮大研发队伍。2009年3月5日，温家宝总理在十一届人大二次会所作政府工作报告中指出，我国要“毫不松懈地加强节能减排和生态环保工作，大力发展循环经济和清洁能源,坚持节能节水节地。积极发展核电、水电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源，严格执行能耗和环保国家标准，加大节能技术和产品推广应用力度，加强资源综合利用。”中国共产党第十六届中央委员会第五次全体会议通过的中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议中指明了加强基础产业基础设施建设，能源产业要加快发展风能、太阳能、生物质能等可再生能源。2005年2月29日，全国人大常委会通过了可再生能源法，于2006年1月1日正式实施。在中国能源与环境形势相当严峻的情况下，可再生能源法将引导和激励国内外各类经济主体参与开发利用太阳能光伏等可再生能源，促进可再生能源快速发展。国家发改委已经表示，未来5年内政府将投入100亿元开发太阳能项目。因此，发展太阳能是符合国家产业政策的，国家在“十一五”期间将在政策、资金和税收上给予重点支持。 财政部财建2009129号文件太阳能光电建筑应用财政补助资金管理暂行办法，对于太阳能光伏并网发电站，2009年补助标准原则上定为20元/Wp。太阳能是一种清洁、可再生能源，因为实现了直接将太阳能转化为电能而受到世界各国的重视。作为可再生能源当中最具潜力的新能源，光伏能源的重要性和战略性得到进一步凸显。光伏产业是二十世纪80年代后世界上增长最快的高新技术产业之一。最近十年平均增长率为33%，最近五年平均增长率为43%。2004年光伏市场的发展更是超过了工业历史上有过的任何一次飞跃，其增长率达到61.2%，太阳能电池总产量达到了创纪录的1194 MW！随着京都协议的签署和实施以及2002年8月在非洲约翰内斯堡召开的人类可持续发展高级论坛会，专家预测：光伏发电将在二十一世纪前半期超过核电成为最重要的基础能源，至少到2010年世界太阳能电池制造产业仍将保持30以上的增长速度。现在，各国政府已将发展可再生能源列入议事日程并纷纷推出各国到2010年新能源发展计划：日本政府新能源计划5GW欧盟可再生能源白皮书3GW美国百万屋顶计划4.7GW澳大利亚新能源计划0.75GW发展中国家101.5GW世界光伏累计安装：15GW我们国家制定的中长期发展规划提出：2010年光伏发电装机容量达到600MWp；2020年达到1.6GWp。根据电力科学院的预测，到2050年中国可再生能源发电将占到全国总电力装机的25%，其中光伏发电占到20%。（2）缓解能源危机的迫切需要能源危机人类发展所面临的重大挑战之一，据世界能源委员会和国际应用系统分析研究所预测，全球化石燃料总量只够用100年左右。目前，人类使用的能源最主要是非再生能源，如石油、天然气、煤炭和裂变核燃料约占能源总消费量的90左右，再生能源如水力、植物燃料等只占10左右。 世界能源储量最多是太阳能，在再生能源中占99.44，而水能、风能、地热能、生物能等不到1。在非再生能源中，利用海水中的氘资源产生的人造太阳能（聚变核能）几乎占100，煤炭、石油、天然气、裂变核燃料加起来也不足千万分之一。所以，人类使用的能源归根到底要依靠太阳能，太阳能是人类永恒发展的能源保证。 世界能源储量分布是不平衡的。石油储量最多地区是中东占56.8%；天然气和煤炭储量最多是欧洲，各占54.6%和45%。亚洲大洋洲除煤炭稍多（占18%）以外，石油、天然气都只有5%多一点。据预测，全世界石油储量只够开采3040年，天然气约60年。世界能源研究机构对未来能源预测：日本预测化工石油燃料开采峰值在20202030年；Shell公司预测化工石油燃料峰值在20202030年；石油开采协会预测油气开采峰值在2012年；BP预测油气开采峰值在2010年, 3040年耗尽；华盛顿世界资源研究所预测油气峰值在2019年。随着石油、煤炭、天然气等化石能源日益紧张并逐渐逼近耗尽，水力资源有限并对生态产生影响，核材料出现紧缺和对环境、安全产生重大威胁，世界范围内频繁出现能源短缺问题。表1、表2为世界和中国主要能源可采储量，可以看出，我国和世界的能源状况一样不容乐观。表1 2008年世界和中国主要能源情况煤炭石油天然气世界总可采储量9980亿t1671亿t195万亿m3中国可采储量1195亿t48亿t1.97万亿m3中国所占比例（%）11.9%2.8%1%世界储采比2184163中国储采比922458中国产量名次1518表2 2008年我国能源剩余储量和探明可开采年限资源种类煤炭（亿吨）石油（亿吨）天然气（亿立方米）水力(GW装机)探明可开采量1,14532,73611,704353可开采年限4976101523533399可开采到20502077年20112016年20242054年20342100年综合上述预测，本世纪人类能源结构将发生根本性变革。化工石油燃料开采峰值距今只有十几到二十几年，对于能源结构变化来说是已经逼近。因此开发可再生能源和新能源不但是非常必要的，而且是非常紧迫的。随着技术的不断革新和国家政策的扶持，光伏发电系统将在未来社会能源供应中占有越来越大的比重。（3）项目建设是环境保护的需求传统能源对环境造成的严重污染是不容忽视的，在节约能源和保护环境的前提下发展经济已成为人们的共识，即“3E”课题能源（energy）、经济（economy）、环境（envirnorment）。1997年12月由联合国150多个国家代表签署的关于气候变化的框架协定，要求世界各国改变能源利用方式，从煤和石油逐渐转化为可再生能源，从而彻底改变人类发展与能源危机和环境污染之间的矛盾。对使用煤炭占能源70%的我国来说，化工、石油燃料的供应和大气污染的压力越来越重，见表3。不久的将来，若实施全球限制排放政策，将对我国的能源利用产生较大影响。表3 2008年我国能源污染物年排放浓度项目全国均值南方城市均值北方城市均值WHO推荐标准SO2排放浓度70g/m365g/m381g/m340-60g/m3TSP排放浓度301g/m33g/m3381g/m340-60g/m3我国在21世纪石油战略框架基础上，颁布了可再生能源法，形成了能源、环境和可持续发展三大基本发展战略，并在“十一五”规划中以循环经济和节约型社会的发展模式予以具体体现。从表4可以看出，太阳能作为清洁能源，将在能源供应中占据越来越重要的地位。2.3 项目建设的可行性2.3.1太阳能发电站的独特特点和优势用于太阳能电池将太阳能直接转换为电能的“太阳光发电装置”，其本身的优点是输入的太阳光线储量无限，并且“免费”，除此之外，作为未来的能源资源，具有其他发电装置不可比拟的独特特征，总结起来有如下几点：（1）没有运转部件，可以安静的产生清洁能源。从光能转换成电能是由半导体特有的量子效应而产生的转换法，不像火力发电和原子能发电，需要涡轮和发电机这样的转动部分，且没有噪声以及放射源泄漏或爆炸的危险，当然也没有有害气体的产生，是无公害的清洁能源转换方法。（2）维护简单，容易实现自动化和无人化。因为没有转动机械和高温高压部分，因此就没有所谓的机械磨损，也不需要润滑油。也就是说，就像已经被证实的人造卫星和无人电灯等所使用的电源一样，运转维护简单，容易实现装置自动化和无人化。（3）光发电是对废弃能源的有效利用。有人会因太阳光发电的转换效率很低而否定它，其实不能把太阳光发电与使用化石燃料发电的蒸气涡轮、气体涡轮等与转换效率有关的议论混在一起，即如果火力发电的综合效率为38的话，那么就意味着有62的重油被白白的烧掉，并且造成了大气的污染。与此相比，太阳能电池的转换效率虽为15%,但它却没有消耗任何燃料，只是把本来放弃的能量的15转变成电能而有效的利用起来了，从这一点来讲是有很大的区别的。（4）对城市供电高峰的平峰供献。发电设备建设周期很长，运行以后无法在短时间内增加尖峰时所需电力。而且，城市供电十分不均衡，例如，白天比晚上的用电量大，一般中午1315时为峰值；夏季由于用空调用电量要比冬季用电量增大很多。其应对的办法，如核电就用抽水蓄能水力发是以削平电力峰值。太阳能发电就可以在城市近几年力高峰时，与交流电网并网，并补足峰值负荷的不足，起到“平峰”作用。而且太阳能发电的电力负荷曲线赐好与城市电力的需求相吻合。例如，太阳能发电输出最大功率正好是中午1215时，太阳能发电也是夏季比冬季高。目前，国外“太阳 能空调器”产品已经实用化，太阳能发电提供了容量约空调的50，主要起“平峰”作用。（5）电源多样化，可以安全可靠的供电。常规能源有火力、水力、核电等新能源则有风力、太阳能等。多种能源发、供电，对一个国家的安全、可靠供电有利，将不会依赖特点的燃料供给。特别是自然灾害之际，学校、医院、公园都需事先设置紧急的太阳能发电设备用电源。2.3.2 项目区基本情况(1)地理交通XX位于湖南省中南部，湘江中游。东邻株洲、攸县、安仁；南界永兴、桂阳；西接冷水滩、祁阳、东安、邵阳、邵东；北靠双峰、湘潭。XX市现辖5县、2市、5区，总面积1.53万平方公里，合153.10万公顷，总面积占全省土地面积7.23%，城区面积557平方公里，市区建成区面积为93平方公里，总人口720万，在全省各市、州中，幅员位居第7位。XX市是我国南方的重要交通枢纽，京广、湘桂线交汇于市区，境内通车里程250公里，有火车站33个。公路纵横交错，四通八达，107、322国道以及已建成的京珠、衡昆，已开工建设的京珠复线、吉邵（衡大段已建成）等4条高速公路贯穿全境。全市100%的乡镇、88%的村通了公路，通车总里程7643公里。其中，高等级公路3140公里，高速公路149公里。水上运输也很便利。湘江上溯潇水，下入洞庭、耒水、蒸水等一级支流四季通航。(2)综合经济2008年，全市实现生产总值1000.09亿元，增长12%。其中第一产业增加值235.75亿元，增长5.3%；第二产业增加值412.36亿元，增长14.5%；第三产业增加值351.98亿元，增长12.6%。人均GDP为13670元，增长11.6%。经济结构进一步优化，工业所占比重上升。三次产业结构呈现二、三、一排列，第一产业、第二产业、第三产业占GDP的比例分别为23.57、41.24、35.19，2008年工业增加值占GDP的比重达到38.1%，比2007年提高1.4个百分点。就业形势基本稳定。全年新增城镇就业人员7.25万人，失业人员再就业3.78万人，劳动力转移就业新增人数9.13万人。年末城镇登记失业率控制在4.3%以内。物价总水平冲高回落。全年居民消费价格总水平同比上涨6.3个百分点，商品零售价格总水平同比上涨4.2个百分点，工业品出厂价格指数同比上涨9.1个百分点，原材料、燃料及动力购进价格总指数同比上涨18.37个百分点。结构性上涨特点明显，构成居民消费价格总指数的八大类商品（项目）呈现“五升三降”的格局，上涨的五类为：食品类上涨12.9%，烟酒及用品类上涨1.9%，医疗保健和个人用品类上涨4.6%，娱乐教育文化用品及服务类上涨1.1%，居住类上涨11.8%；下降的三类为：衣着类下降3.6%，家庭设备用品及维修服务类下降0.9%，交通通信类下降2.0%。安全生产形势好转。全年共发生各类安全事故759起，下降36.9；死亡359人，下降20.4；亿元GDP生产安全事故死亡率为0.36，道路交通万车事故死亡率7.50；煤炭百万吨事故死亡率6.14；工矿商贸企业十万从业人员生产安全事故死亡率4.00。经济社会发展中存在的主要问题是：经济发展方式仍较粗放；结构性矛盾仍较突出；节能减排任务重；农民持续增收后劲不强；解决民生问题薄弱环节多；就业压力大等。 (3)工业工业经济保持较快增长。全市全部工业增加值381.02亿元，增长15.8%。规模以上工业增加值304.78亿元，增长19.2%（见表2），超过全省平均增速0.8个百分点。规模以上工业中，轻工业增加值66.98亿元，增长27.4%；重工业增加值237.80亿元，增长17.0%，轻工业增幅比重工业高10.4个百分点。年末，全市