药学英语.doc

名词缩写NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振M S: mass spectrometry 质谱法USP: the United State Pharmacopoeia 美国药典N F: National Formulary 国家处方集 GC: gas chromatography 气相色谱法 HTS high-throughput screening 高通量筛选NCE Novel chemical entities新化学试体RNA ： ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸 DNA： deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸 OTC: over-the-counter-drugs非处方药 SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局NDAs: new drug applications 新药申请词素分析：microbiology 微生物学 micro- 微，小 ； - biology 生物学virology 病毒学 viro- 病毒,毒；-ology 学论bacteriology细菌学bacteri- 细菌; -ology 学论biopolymers 生物聚合物 bio- 生.，生物.; -polymers 聚合物streptomyces 链霉菌属 strepto- 链,链霉； - myces 真菌学,霉菌学polysaccharide 多糖,聚糖 poly- 聚合物,聚合体; -saccharide 糖,糖类cytotoxic 细胞毒的,细胞毒性的 cyto- 细胞； -toxic 中毒的,毒物的,毒素的phagocyte 吞噬细胞 phago- (吞)噬,食；-cyte 细胞 macrophage 巨噬细胞 macro- 巨,大,长,宏观; -phage 噬,食,食者,噬者hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydro 氢 chloric 氯pro-drug前药 pro-前 -drug药ADME药物体内吸收过程Absorption吸收 distribution分布 metabolism代谢 elimination排泄动态的平衡：dynamic equilibrium 血浆：blood plasma浆水：plasma water 不含蛋白质的血浆：protein-free plasma内皮细胞：endothelium 简化：simplification给药：administered 排除：elimination递送：delivery 静脉：vein 动脉：arterial 体循环systemic circulation渗透：permeation 配方：formulations生物膜：biological membranes 肝门循环：hepatic portal circulation 溶解：solution体液：biological fluids 生物药剂学：biopharmaceutics生物利用度bioavailability 胃肠道屏障 gastrointestinal barrier 分解dissolution 合成：synthesized 多巴胺：dopamine拮抗剂： antagonists 抑制剂：inhibitors噻嗪类：thiazide 灌注的器官：perfused organs分子轮盘赌：molecular roulette 生化学：biochemical血液学：hematological 生育能力：effects on fertility诱变：mutagenicity 致癌：carcinogenicity离体组织：isolated tissues 尽可能：as possible急性：acute慢性：chronic 亚细胞的：subcellular药效：efficacy 提纯：purifiedlevodopa左旋多巴 angina心绞痛 peptic ulcer消化性溃疡 teratogenic致畸 mutagenicity诱变 converting enzyme inhibitor hypertension转换酶抑制剂 the endocrine and nervous system 内分泌和神经系统the endocrine and nervous systems 神经系统和内分泌系统immune system 免疫系统coordinating systems 调节系统the cardiovascular system 心血管系统the respiratory system 呼吸系统the digestive system 消化系统the reproductive system 生殖系统 organ 器官liver 肝脏intestine 肠component 成分enzymes 酶titrant 滴定剂 Acetic acid 乙酸sodium hydroxide solution NaOH溶液 quenching 抑制quinine 奎宁 stoichiometry 化学计量学 manipulation 操作步骤 volume analysis 容量分析法 hydroxide .羟基 equilibrium constant 平衡常数equivalence point 平衡点 the titration end point 滴定终点gas chromatography 气相色谱法 copper 铜gas-solid chromatography 气固色谱法 solute 溶质gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法 volatility 挥发性decomposition 分解 column 色谱柱determination 测定 assay 分析desired component 待测组分 alkali 碱stearic acid 硬脂酸 magnesium 镁potassium biphthalate 领苯二甲酸氢钾 insert gas 惰性气体column 色谱柱 gas cylinder气缸compendium 提纲；摘要 specification 规格specimen 样品 attribute 特质；属性solubility 溶解度 melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点 refractive index 折射率spectral properties 光谱性质 density .密度interfering substance 干扰组分 sensitivity 灵敏度 inert .惰性的refractive index折射率 nonaqueous .非水的quantitatively 定量的 complexometric络合滴定的standardize 标定 处方药 Prescription drugs 脉冲释放 pulse delivery one交叉感染 cross infection 缓释 sustained-release 定量分析 quantitatively analytical副作用 side effects 不良反应 adverse reaction分析技术 analytical technique 体循环 systemic circulation滴定分析 titrimetric analysis分离技术 separation technique 新药研发 development of new drugsOTC:over-the-counter-drugs非处方药 SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局NDAS: new drug application 新药申请Physiology心血管系统的组成：1、heart心 2、blood血液 3、blood vessels血管心血管系统的作用（the cardiovascular system）:Transport oxygen and nutrients from the external environment to the cells and blood vessels.右心室的功能：the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air左心室的功能：the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues呼吸系统的作用（the respiratory system）: The energy required for performing the various activities of the body is ultimately derived from respiration. the oxidation of foodstuffs to release the energy they contain excrete carbon dioxideFirstly they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane.Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smallerones to liberate energy for their activities. Thirdly,at some point in their life history, they possess a nucleus which contains genetic information inthe from of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA).首先他们有界膜，即细胞膜。其次,他们能将大分子降解成较小的分子并释放放能量。第三,他们拥有核包含遗传信息的从脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)。The activities of the different organ systems need to be coordinated and regulated so that they act together to meet the needs of the body.所有器官系统的活动都需要协调和监管,使他们共同活动来满足身体的需要.Two coordinating systems have evolved: the nervous system and the endocrine system.两个调节系统进化:神经系统和内分泌系统。The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells.神经系统迅速使用电信号传输信息到特定的细胞.Thus the nerves pass electrical signals to the skeletal muscles to control their contraction.因此,神经电信号传递以控制他们的骨骼肌收缩. The endocrine system secretes chemical agents , hormones, which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon, which they exert a regulatory effect.内分泌系统分泌化学物质，激素，其细胞通过血液递送至细胞发挥起调节作用。 The immune system provides the bodys defenses against infection both by killing invading organisms and by eliminating diseased or damaged cells.免疫系统使身体通过杀死入侵微生物,消除病变或受损的细胞来抵御感染。 The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemisty.生命有机体是符合物理化学规律的复杂的、精细的机器（机制）。Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix.结缔组织中没有很多细胞，多由基质组成。 It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of resistant to an antibiotic correlates direction with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location .In one hospital a survey showed that ,before erythromycin had been widely used there ,all strains ,of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action .When the hospital stared extensive use of erythromycin, however,resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.现在我们已经很好的证实了细菌株对于抗生素的抗药性增加与该抗生素在该地区的使用的持续时间和程度是直接相关的。某医院的调查显示，在红霉素广泛的运用之前，所有的病人身上取出的葡萄球菌株对红霉素敏感，然而，当医院开始广泛运用红霉素以来，耐药的葡萄球菌菌株开始出现了。Unit Three MicrobiologyText A The History of Microbiology掌握单词：Polyamides 聚酰胺类Biopolymers 生物聚合物Polyesters 多酯类Carrier proteins 载体蛋白Secondary metabolites 二级代谢产物Vaccines 疫苗A single-lens microscope 单透镜显微镜课文重点内容：1、Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiologys identity as a biological science. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies.2、Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms.He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Kochs postulates.3、It was Martinus Beijierincks development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies.4、Probiotics have been proven to help relieve symptoms of lactose intolerance, boost the immune system, and prevent diarrhea and colon cancer. Prebiotics have been shown to relieve constipation and diarrhea, and reduce the chance of osteoporosis and Type 2 diabetes. Unit Four Pharmacology Text B Adverse Drug Reactions掌握单词：Side-effects=adverse-effects 副作用Symptom 征状Complication 并发症Syndrome 综合病征constitute 构成 pharmacological effect 药理学作用 therapeutic index 治疗指数 dosage 剂量 disordered 紊乱的 analgesic 镇痛的 carcinogenesis 致癌的源头 insufficiency 不足 sterol 固醇；steroid 类固醇 antagonist 拮抗剂; agonist 激动剂 prescription 处方 课文翻译段落： Type A reactions, which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drugs main pharmacological effect (e.g. bleeding from warfarin ) or a low therapeutic index (e.g. nausea from digoxin ),and they are therefore predictable. They are dose-relate and usually mild, although they may be serious or even fatal (e.g. Intracranial bleeding from warfarin) . Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long), for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics, usually impaired drug elimination. The term “side-effects” is often applied to minor type A reactions.翻译如下：A型不良反应，大多数药品不良反应属于此类，通常是药物的主要药理作用（如华法林引起的出血）或低治疗指数下（如地高辛导致恶心）引起的结果，因此是可预测的。这些不良反应与药物剂量相关，虽然有时也可能是严重的甚至致命的（如华法林导致颅内出血），通常症状都比较轻缓。这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起。所谓的“副作用”一般就属于A型不良反应。1. Type A reactions,which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions,are usually a consequence of the drugs main pharmacological effect or a low therapeutic index,and they are therefore predictable.A型不良反应：大多数药品不良反应属于此类，通常是药物的主要药理作用或低治疗指数下引起的结果，因此是可预期的。2. Type B reactions are not predictable from the drugs main pharmacological action,are not dose-related and are severe,with a considerable mortality.B型不良反应：无法从药物的主要药理作用预期到，与药物剂量无关，且较严重，死亡率高。3. Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long),for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics,usually impaired drug elimination.这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起的。4. Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long),for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics,usually impaired drug elimination.这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起的。Unit5 Text B Lead Compounds1.重要词汇：Lead compounds 先导化合物 histamine 组胺 cimetidine 西咪替丁Prontosil 百浪多西 nitroglycerol硝酸甘油 me-too compounds 仿制药antagonist 激动剂 重要知识点：第二节 最后两句话关于西咪替丁的例子 这里要明白 组胺是H2受体激动剂，可激活胃壁上的组胺受体而刺激胃酸的释放。西咪替丁作为这类受体的拮抗剂可降低胃酸的释放水平而达到治疗溃疡的作用。 第四节 最后一句百浪多息的例子 这里要明白 百浪多息是作为染料生产的，但是作为磺胺类药开发的先导化合物。磺胺类药起抑菌作用。第七节 最后第二句 这里要明白 这些信息是直接通过观察临床患者得来的，而不是来自动物的实验信息，因而，对药物副作用的临床观察是药物新的活性研究的有效方式。第八节 开头 这里要明白新活性化合物的发现途径是基于疾病发生的病理学机制 Prontosil 百浪多息 was manufactured as a dye,but was the lead compound for the development of the sulfonamides(磺胺类药物)。百浪多息是一个抑菌药但不是杀菌药。如何寻找新的先导化合物 (1)high-throughput screening(HTS) (2) me-too drug (3) e.g vasodilating activity of nitroglycerol 三硝基甘油 血管扩张作用 (4)route to new active compounds is a rational design based on the knowledge of the molecular cause of the pathological dysfunction第四路线新活性化合物是一种基于的病理功能障碍的分子原因的知识的合理设计第三节 For example,the chemical.to hear the ulcer关于西咪替丁的例子 这里要明白 组胺是H2受体激动剂，可激活胃壁上的组胺受体而增加胃酸的释放。西咪替丁作为这类受体的拮抗剂可降低胃酸的释放水平而达到治疗溃疡的作用。 histamine 组胺 agonist at these receptors 受体激动剂 cimetidine 西咪替丁 antagonist at these receptors 受体拮抗剂第五节 最后一句百浪多息的例子 这里要明白 百浪多息是作为染料生产的，但是作为磺胺类药开发的先导化合物。磺胺类药起抑菌作用。Prontosil 百浪多西 第八节 research programs.not in animal 这里要明白 这些信息是直接通过观察临床患者得来的，而不是来自动物的实验信息，因而，对药物副作用的临床观察是药物新的活性研究的有效方式。Are of in great interest in 对.有用 第九节 开头 这里要明白新活性化合物的发现途径是基于疾病发生的病理学分子机制 this approach .in a speific disease 这得看今后的进展和研究，并在.方面Unit seven textAPage94 第二段“Bioavailability”3个浓度2个平衡a dynamic equilibrium exists between the concentration of drug at it site(s) of action and the concentration of drug in blood plasma 在其作用部位的药物浓度和药物的血浆浓度the concentration of drug in plasma water 药物在浆水中的浓度Bioavailability is thus concerned with the quantity and the rate at which the intact from of a particular drug appears in the systemic circulation following administration of that drug.因此，在给药后，该药以完整的形式出现在体循环的速度和量与生物利用度有关。This definition of bioavailability would not be valid in the case of a pro-drug , whose therapeutic action normally depends on it being converted into its therapeutically active form prior to or on reaching the systemic circulation.生物利用度这一定义不适用于前体药物，一般来说，前体药物在到达体循环时或之前转化为具有治疗活性的形式才能有治疗作用。Thus any factor which adversely affects either the release of the drug from the dosage form , its dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids , its stability in the gastrointestinal fluids , its permeation through and stability in the gastrointestinal barrier or its stability in the hepatic portal circulation will influence the bioavailability exhibited by that drug from the dosage form in was administered.因此，任何不利因素都可以影响药物的给药剂型所展示的生物利用度，包括影响药物从剂型的释放、在肠溶液中的溶解、在肠溶液中的稳定性、对胃肠道屏障的穿透性和穿过时的稳定性、以及在肝门循环中的稳定性等不利因素Unit 7 Text B New Drugs and Drugs Delivery Systems1 词汇 Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂Controlled-release preparation 控释制剂Biodegradable polymers 可进行生物降解的聚合物Osmotic Devices 渗透压装置2知识点：(1) Iontophoresis:离子电泳法的原理：Iontophoresis a drug is literally propelled across the skin by a positive electric charge 离子电渗药物实际上是推动整个皮肤的正电荷。Maze Escape（迷宫逃离） ethylene 乙烯 ethyl 乙基Transmucosal Delivery(透过粘膜的药物递送系统) Patch贴剂 diffuse扩散 angina心绞痛 hypertension高血压 degradation降解 iontophore离子电泳法透粘膜吸收 protect that drug form degradation in the digestive tract防止药物在消化道降解 iontophoresis 用离子电泳法Osmotic Devices（渗透性装置）特点：the rate of drug delivery is said to be independent of PH and other environmental variable 给药速度与酸碱性以及其他环境变量都无关 water-soluble drug 水溶性药物 matrix骨架 pill pump渗透泵片 be bound to与.结合 core核心的，不同寻常的 semipermeable半透膜 osmotic pressure核内渗透压 variable变量 翻译：“欧乐斯”给药系统是由奥尔滋公司开发的，这是一种独一无二的口腔渗透性装置，被称为“渗透泵片”。药物与一个中心物质结合，这种物质又被一种半透明的薄膜包围，用激光