on-stylistic-features-of-english-sports-news--体育新闻英语的文体特征研究英语学士学位论文.doc

毕业论文论 文 题 目 ：体育新闻英语的文体特征 作者所在系部： 外 语 系 作者所在专业： 英 语 作者所在班级： 作 者 姓 名 ： 作 者 学 号 ： 指导教师姓名： 完 成 时 间 ： 2013年6月 北华航天工业学院教务处制On Stylistic Features of English Sports Newsby Thesis Advisor: Submitted to the B.A. Committee in partial fulfillment of The requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Foreign Languages Department of North China Institute of Aerospace and Engineering. 摘 要作为一种社会文明的标志，体育已经成为我们社会和文化生活中不可缺少的一部分。同时，体育新闻也越来越引起广泛的关注。然而对体育新闻语言的研究却很有限。以往的研究多是将新闻英语作为一个整体来进行分析，而体育新闻只是其中的一部分，因此在研究结果中出现了一些差异。本文认为新闻英语不是单一的，而是一个由不同新闻材料特点合成的语类，包括不同次语类，所以对其语言特点的归纳需给予充分描写。本文将基于现代文体学的理论，从不同的语言问题特征出发，对英语体育新闻做一个全面的分析。运用普通的文体学分析方法对新闻中的词汇、句子结构和语义层面进行分析。使用定性和定量的方法对混淆次做科学分析。通过以上研究分析报告可以得出结论：体育新闻报道在词汇、句子结构和语义层面都有其独特的文体特征。使体育新闻语言更直观、客观、丰富、易于理解的吸引潜在的读者。关键词：体育新闻 新闻英语 文体特征Abstract Sport is a sign of social civilization and becomes an indispensable part of our social and cultural life now. Therefore, sports news are getting more and more attention. However, only little research has been carried out to analyze its stylistic features. In previous studies, scholars mainly regard the journalistic English as a whole entity; hence some differences appear in their results. In this thesis, it is argued that journalistic English is not onefold, but a composite of various kinds of news, which includes different sub-varieties. Based on the theories of modern stylistics, this thesis attempts to limit the scope to the analysis of English sports news report and to do an overall analysis of sports news reports from different level in linguistics stylistic features. I would use qualitative and quantitative methods to do a scientific analysis on confusing words. Based on the above research, we can safely draw the conclusion that sports news reported in words, sentence structure and semantic level with its unique prominent stylistic features. All these features make sports news language more objective, more impersonal, more informative, and more comprehensible to attract the potential readers. Key words: Sports news, News English, Stylistic featureiiContents Abstract in Chinese错误！未定义书签。AbstractiiIntroduction1Chapter1: Theories of Sports News2 1.1 Definition of Sports News21.2 Functions of Sports News21.3 Types of Sports News31.4 Structure of Sports News4Chapter2: Variety5 2.1 Definition of Variety5 2.2 News English as a Variety6 2.3 English Sports News as a Sub-variety7Chapter 3: Stylistic Features of English Sports News8 3.1 Graphitic Features8 3.2 Lexical Features8 3.3 Grammatical Features9 3.4 Semantic Features10 3.5 Sentence Features11Conclusion13Acknowledgements14Bibliography15On Stylistic Features of English Sports NewsIntroduction Sports play an important role in social and cultural life of human society. With the development of society and technology, sports journalism and newspapers have changed in very remarkable ways and what was once fun and games at court is now much more than that. The days of reporters and editors who served as cheerleaders for the home team are gone. We know that sports journalism has been maturing since the final decade of the 20th century. It is adjusting and changing relations and standards involving sports and society (Bruce Garrison,1993). Today, sports fills more available time on television and has become a major selling point for many comprehensive newspaper or daily papers and the Internet. People are exposed to sports news more often than before.However, linguistic study on English sports news has not been paid enough attention and few works on systematic and comprehensive analysis of its linguistic features could be found in the linguistic field. Sports news reporting is no longer a simple list of scores and results. The contemporary news reports focus not only on the result or the scores of the match but also on many things other than the competition itself. By means of language use, it reflects, ideas, beliefs, values and assumptions of the society as well as those of the news reporters. From what I have mentioned, I think there are three problems in journalistic English for sports. The first one is that the research scope of the news is mainly confined to news report in newspaper, not mentioned in editorial and feature. So the research breadth is not wide enough. The second one is the research deepness is not profound enough. Though many scholars pointed out news words could attract the readers, they did not study enough about the reason of it. The third one is that it does not understand enough in dealing with the relation between journalism English for sports and other subject. This thesis will be divided into three chapters based on the theory of modern stylistics. We will discuss the stylistic feature of sports news at the lexical, grammatical and semantic levels. From what is discussed can get the conclusion.Chapter 1: Theories of Sports News 1.1 Definition of Sports News According to Cambridge Dictionary of American English, “News is something told as having just happened or information about something that is just happening or will soon happen.”(Liu Shisheng, 2006) And the best news has the greatest interest of the greatest number. As John Bogart, the director of interviewing department in The New York Sun, wrote in 1880, “When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a dog that is news.”(Mencher, 1987)Sports report is one of the sub-varieties of journalistic English. The sports language is not as formal as economic and political language. The main function of sports news is to report sports news, but on account of different moods and intentions in contrast to other news reports. Sports report mainly serves to meet the sports enthusiasts interests in certain news items, so it may not be as serious as political news. Sports report covers a wide range, including football, basketball, swimming, tennis, boxing, track and field, cricket, etc. It involves report of sports events, sports environments, exclusive interviews with the athletes and even the anecdotes and gossips about the sports participants.All the large-scale newspaper agencies, broadcasting stations and TV stations have their own independent sports departments or columns. With so much competition, of course it is tougher to get the attention of a reader with so much other material available for them to read. Thats why sports reporters are working so much on their products for the contemporary sports fans. Sportswriters have to report and edit diverse competing activities and broaden the appealing of their product to attract more readers at different levels.At the same time, sportswriters are also becoming less and less event oriented and more and more non-event, or process oriented in their reporting. Their stories become more insightful and interpretative, and the emphasis is given less on the results and more on why these results occurred. Therefore, the range of sports stories broadens considerably world-wide. Although sports events still appeal to readers, interest is growing in sports topics off the field and court. Reporters tend to look into restrooms, courtrooms, and training rooms. Meanwhile, more and more sports reporting involve athletes, athletes programs, sports agents, gambling, the abuse of illegal drugs and athletic organization rules cheating and so on. 1.2 Functions of Sports News English sports news has the following five functions: informative function, expressive function, aesthetic function, vocative function and entertaining function.According to Newmark, the informative function of language is featured with the external situation as its core. By saying external situation, Peter Newmark means the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories (Newmark, 2001:40). The informative function of English sports news is shown on its role to help readers to know the facts and relevant information of sports. Thus the audience and readers can share happiness of sports anytime and anywhere.The expressive function is the mind of the reader and the writer, their originator of the utterance. The language with expressive function is normally self-expressive, creative, figurative and subjective (Ibid.:39). The expressive function is to set the tone of the news thus to create either a touching, exciting or horrifying effect on the readers.The language pleases the readers and audience firstly through its actual or imagined sound and secondly through its metaphors. The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their roles in this sense. Their sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, meter, intonation, and stress (Ibid.:42).English sports news gives aesthetic function in the way to provide the readers and audience aesthetic enjoyment through colorful words containing many connotations and provide beauty through the application of rhetorical devices. “The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, the addressee (Ibid.:41). Newmark uses the term vocative in the sense of” calling upon the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to react in the way intended by the text” (Ibid.:41).Then we can conclude that a piece of good English sports news can also call upon the reader and audience to focus on the event.English sports news usually uses creative language, flexible sentence patterns and various rhetorical devices to make vivid reports. Sometimes, reporters also use many of the techniques used by literary writers such as novelists. The sentence of English sports news is sometimes composed of rhetorical devices like hyperbole or metaphor. English sports news presents a vivid picture to readers or audiences and as well enriches sports culture and satisfies the needs of audience.1.3 Types of sports news Generally speaking, there are three types of sports news-sports features, depth reporting, and column. Sports feature could be anything about sports. The main difference between them is that the former informs the readers while the latter usually entertains them. The reporting in depth tends to put a sports event into perspective by reading it to other events or reports. Sports column serves to make judgments or recommendations, and talk about the sportswriter himself or herself. Like any other news, sports news also consists one or more of these six basic facts: who, what, where, when, how and why, which could be organized through two major options (Garrison, 1990): the chronological approach and the inverted pyramid approach. The chronological approach: This organizational form reports the game just as it occurred. A carefully recording is neccessary to write a solid and complete game story. Reporters always record play by play, score by score, and moment by moment what is occurring on the court or field. For basketball as an example, there must be space for the “running” summary of the game when the score occurred. It is difficult, but possible, to keep play-by-play charts for some sports such as swimming, track and field.The inverted pyramid approach: This form, mostly used by news reports, is also the most practical approach for the reader. We know that whenever there is a big sports event, readers of sports news must have been well informed of the time, site, competing teams and other materials such as the background of athletes and the history of the competition. Therefore, the biggest concern of readers is the match result which is sure the core of game or match. The sports news thus should get straight to the point ensuring readers can learn what has happened in the game at the first time.1.4 Structure of Sports News Generally speaking, sports news follows the structure of typical news story, which mainly consists of three parts: headline, lead, and body. Headline is the title of a news that introduces its contents in the most condensed way and acts to get attention. Lead usually refers to the opening paragraph of a piece of news. “The first paragraph of a news story is called the lead.” (Frederickson,1984) Leads in sports news can be divided into two groups: summary lead and delayed lead. “A summary lead tells readers the most important part of the story in a direct and straightforward way, and is often used in news reporting. A delayed lead tells readers by hinting the content of the story. It is usually found in features and other soft stories that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event.” (Ma Jianguo,2002) Usually, lead is a single information-packed sentence, and it is typically the key to the newspaper story. A lead contains the facts of the most fresh and the most attractive, and it always gives readers the storys main topic and most important facts. Whats more, a question is often put forward, or a description of the background of a certain news story is usually found in the delayed lead.The body of news introduce the details to explain and clarify the main points, or introduce new but less important information.Chapter 2: Variety2.1 Definition of Variety Language is a social phenomenon, or institution, with which people communicate and interact with each other. A language of a particular society is part of the societys culture. Language activities operate within social activities. The style appropriate to public speaking is usually inappropriate to legal documents; the style used in advertisements is not suited to a scholarly article. Richard Hudson(1980:24) defined a variety as “a set linguistic items with similar distribution”. The distribution can be determined by geography and occupation, in which case its specialist vocabulary is often referred to a “jargon”. However, the boundaries of any variety are vague and ill-determined. That is, in language the enormous range of varieties all have their syntax, lexis, phonology and graphology, which are shared features of “Englishness”-what Quirk (1972) calls the “common core”.2.2 News English as A VarietyNews English can be called as Jounalistic english. According to Richards (2008:287), variety can be used for various types of one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English; and sometimes may be used instead of DIALECT, SOCIOLECT, CREOLE,etc. In Hudsons work (2000:22) variety is defined as “a set of linguistic items with similar social distributions”. To be more reasonable and comprehensive, the “distribution” can be geographically determined in which case we are talking of “dialect”, or it can be socially determined as “PR” speaking way in England(