英语句子结构主谓宾定状补和五个简单句市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

初中英语语法初中英语语法句子结构句子结构1.主谓宾定状补2.五个基本简单句第1页英语句子结构英语句子结构概念概念句子有一定语法结构和语气，用以表示一个比较完整独立概句子有一定语法结构和语气，用以表示一个比较完整独立概念。句子是表示思想基本单位，只有完整句子才能表示完整念。句子是表示思想基本单位，只有完整句子才能表示完整思想。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有标点符号。思想。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有标点符号。句子成份是指组成句子各组成部分，即词和短语在句子中各句子成份是指组成句子各组成部分，即词和短语在句子中各种语法意义种语法意义。句子成份包含：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直。句子成份包含：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英语中，普通句子必须有主语和谓语），句子主体部分（在英语中，普通句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里组成部分。其它成份如定表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里组成部分。其它成份如定语和状语是句子次要成份语和状语是句子次要成份。第2页句子成份分类1主语主语 主语是指句子谈论主题，也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态主体。主语是指句子谈论主题，也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态主体。普通由普通由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式或相当于名词单词或短语来充当，名词、代词、数词、动词不定式或相当于名词单词或短语来充当，也有从句也有从句充当现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：充当现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述讲述“谁谁”We work in a big factory.讲述讲述“什么什么 The classroom is very big.数词作主数词作主语语 Three are enough.不定式作主语不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语从句作主语 What we need is food.在在“There be”句型中，主语位置在中间。如：句型中，主语位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box.在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：作形式主语。如：It is very interesting to play the game called“treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.第3页2谓语1）简单谓语谓语动词普通由动词各种时态来表达。eg:1)I like walking.(普通现在时主动语态)2)I(made)your birthday cake last night.昨晚我做好了你生日蛋糕。(普通过去时主动语态)3)It is used by travelers and business people（all over the world）.全世界旅行者和商人都使用它(普通现在时被动语态)第4页2)复合谓语第一个是由情态动词，助动词+不带to动词不定式组成 What does this word mean?这个单词是什么意思？I wont do it again.我不会再做它（指这件事it one mor-e time）。Ill go and move away the bag 我会移走这袋米。You had better catch a bus.你最好乘坐公交车。第5页第二种是由连系动词+表语组成比如：You look the same.你(们)看起来一样.We are all go home，我们回家吧。My pen is in my bag.我钢笔在我书包里。I fell tired all the time.我整天感到疲惫.He seemed rather tired last night.他昨天看起来相当累.连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联络，不宜分割第6页系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），组成系表结构说明主语情况、性质、特征等情况。可分为六类：状态系动词、连续系动词、表像系动词、感官系动词、改变系动词、终止系动词。第7页(1)状态系动词：be动词：am is are(2)连续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一个情况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand。如：I hope youll keep fit.我希望你身体好。He stayed single.他依然是单身。第8页(3)表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem,appear,look等。如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems(to be)quite happy.他好像很快活。(4)感官系动词：表示“起来”，有look,feel(摸起来，感觉),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来，吃起来)等。如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布摸起来很软。He looks honest,but actually hes a rogue.他看起来很老实，实际他是一个坏蛋。第9页(5)改变系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。His cold was growing worse.他感冒越来越严重了。The milk will soon turn sour.牛奶很快就会变酸。We get wiser as we get old.伴随年岁增加，我们也变得聪明些了。（6）略第10页情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起组成谓语.第11页3表语：跟在连系动词后面词语或从句,用来说明主语身份,特征,状态.形容词作表语 You look younger than before.名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语 Everyone is here.介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.第12页宾语是动作、行为对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.4.宾语第13页5宾语补足语 在英语句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表示完整意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表示完整意思。我们把我们把“宾语宾语补足宾语宾语补足语语”合起来称为复合宾语。合起来称为复合宾语。如:形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.第14页省略to不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.第15页在英语中,常见“宾语宾语补足语”结构有：“宾语+名词”。惯用于改结构动词有call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.第16页4.4.定语定语:用来修饰名词或代词词用来修饰名词或代词词.形容词形容词,形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词,名词名词,不定式不定式,介词短语介词短语,不定代词不定代词等等.This is a This is a redred car.car.The building is The building is theirtheir teaching building.teaching building.The The womanwoman doctor is my wife.doctor is my wife.I have something I have something to tell youto tell you.The man The man in front of the gatein front of the gate is Mr.Li.is Mr.Li.EveryEvery student has an English book.student has an English book.第17页7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生时间、地点、目标、方式、程度等，普通由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词词或短语来充当。状语普通放在句末，但有时也能够放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully They missed me very much.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.When I was young,I could swim well.第18页初中英语：简单句五种基本句型这五个基本句式以下：1)S十V主谓结构2)S十V十P主系表结构3)S十V十O主谓宾结构4)S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构5)S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构【注】S=Subject(主语);V=Verb(谓语动词);P=Predicative(表语);O=Object(宾语);INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);DO=Direct Object(直接宾语);OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语)第19页1.S+V 此句型特点是:谓语动词是不及物动不及物动词词,本身能表示完整意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如:He laughed.John has read widely.He lives in London.第20页2.S+V+O 此句型特点是:谓语动词是及物谓语动词是及物动词动词,不能表示完整意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:Our team beat all the others.第21页3.S+V+P 此句型特点是:谓语动词是连系谓语动词是连系动词动词,不能表示完整意思不能表示完整意思,必须加上一个表必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态表语。明主语特征、身份、状态表语。常见系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:The rose smells sweet.第22页主谓双宾4.S+V+INO+DO 此句型特点是:谓语动词跟有两谓语动词跟有两个宾语个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作对象或承受者这两个宾语都是动作对象或承受者,其中其中指人是间接宾语指人是间接宾语,指物是直接宾语。指物是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语动词有answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?第23页主谓宾宾补5.S+V+O+OC此句型特点是:谓语动词即谓语动词即使跟有一个宾语使跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整但意思还不完整,必须加必须加上另外一个成份上另外一个成份(宾语补足语宾语补足语)对宾语进行对宾语进行补充说明。补充说明。能够用作宾语补足语有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.第24页