2023年清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解.docx

Part I Vocabulary (20%)
Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have supplies
of petroleum.
A. sufficient B. efficient C potential D. proficient
2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.
A. preserve B. reserve C. sustain D. retain
3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile of
road.
A. popularity B. prosperity C. intensity D. density
4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.
A. sought for B. accounted for C. turned up D. restored to
5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.
A. transferred B. released C. conveyed D. delivered
6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silk
from damage.
A. sensitive B. sensible C tender D. delicate
7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.
A. relief B. view C. anxiety D. judgment
8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.
A. jigsaw B. jot C. impulse D. reconcile
9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦
A. disincentive B. redundant C. diverse D. discontent
10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.
A. destined B. chorded C. repelled D. commenced
11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of information
and examples.
A. unbiased B. manipulated C. distorted D. conveyed
12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field of
physics.
A. parallelism B. alliteration C. testimony D. rhythm
13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.
A. impressions B. alliterations C. clauses D. assertions
14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.
A. stale B. slack C. ferrous D. abundant
5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.
A. Customs B. Congresses C. Conventions D. Routines
Before the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading of
nuclear arms.
A. contract B. petition C. supplication D. potential
7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plant
life.
A. adapt B. personalize C. sustain D, describe
I can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .
A. estimating B. devastating C. reprocessing D. preferring
The industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making it
less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.
A. potential B. substantial C. massive D. traditional
20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.
A. contribute B. detract C. convert D. entail
21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.
A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence
22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.
A. flight B. plight C delight D. twilight
23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.
A. miserable B. minus C. minute D. moist
24. The girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.
A. pinched B. punched C. pitched D. preached
25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.
A. smuggled B. prosecuted C. saluted D. thrived
26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is
always pointing the finger.
A. millennium B. dominant C. accountable D. commercial
27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export
Administration Regulations and also local country rules.
A. compliance B. prosperity C. merchandise D‘ intersection
28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all
over the world.
A. fraud B. respondent C. misconduct D. prestige
29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no
further details about the accident.
A. comprised B. formulated C. released D. incorporated
30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign
investors.
A. incentives B. abundances C. warriors D. outnumbers
31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were
wearing it when you first met me.
A. sensitive B. sensible C. sentimental D, sensational
32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.
A. Mutilation B. Innovation C. Empire D. Strength
33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the
area.
A. commission B. commitment C. convention D. campaign
34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.
A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive
35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.
A. stem B. stimulate C cause D. compensate
36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .
A. conditions B. combinations C, peers D. granaries
37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.
A. systems B. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses
38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation
continues.
A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled
39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.
A. propelled B. commenced C. plagued D. modulated
40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human
brain.
A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakage
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.
But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，
One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”
They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have
better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”
Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.
Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?
41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?
A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.
B. Those that teach the features of the earth.
C Those that help people use computer language.
D. Those that teach computer technology.
42. According to the investigators, .
A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent acts
B. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other people
C. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life results
D. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners
43. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer games
B- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer games
C. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer games
D. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence
44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that •
A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real life
B. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real life
C. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real life
D. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real life
Passage Two
The collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.
The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*
During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）• The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.
Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”
No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago， when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.
No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.
45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has •
A, misguided many a man and animal
B. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polarities
D. been weakening in strength for a long time
46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field *
A. the compass will become useless
B. man and animals will be confused in directions
C. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappear
D. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger
47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because •
A. the transition is still thousands of years from now
B. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientists
C. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finish
D. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now
48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .
A. the movement deep inside the Earth B. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the Earth
Passage Three
The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV.
Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from
home tihe event happened.
Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.
Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.
Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.
What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”
‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your i