[考研英语]图表作文.pdf

图表作文(一)第一节图表作文的类型 图表作文可分为两大类：表作文和图作文。表作文表格(Table)可以使大量数据系统化，便于阅读、比较。表格常由标题(Title)、表 头(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、侧目(Stub)(表格左边的第一列)和主体(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分组成。如下表：用表格表达的信息具体准确，而且表格中的各项均按一定规律排列。阅读表格时 要注意找出表格中各个项目的相互关系，表格中各个项目的变化规律。例如，上 面的表格中的数字说明，和1978年相比，1983年大学入学的人数在增加，而小 学的入学人数在减少。搞清楚这些变化规律也就读懂了表格的内容。图作文图作文又可分为三种：圆形图作文、曲线图作文和条状图作文。(1)圆形图作文圆形图(Pie chart)也称为饼状图或圆面分割图。圆形图因为比较形象和直观，各 部分空间大小差别容易分辨，所以常用来表示总量和各分量之间的百分比关系。整个圆表示总量，楔形块表示分量。有时圆形图还有数值表，两者结合可把各分 量表示得更准确、清楚。例如：This is a pie chart of the average weekly expenditure of a family in Great Britain.As can be see from the chart,the main expenditure of an average British family is spent on food,which accounts for 25%of its total expenditure.The next two significant expending items are transport and housing,which are 15%and 12%respectively.If we take into account clothing and footwear,which makes up 10%,the four essentials of life,that is,food,transport,housing,and clothing and footwear,amount to 62%of the total expenditure.(2)曲线图作文曲线图(Line graph)也称为线性图或坐标图。曲线图最适合表示两个变量之间关 系的发展过程和趋势。一般来说，曲线所呈现的形状比某一点所代表的变量的值 更有意义。曲线图有横轴和纵轴。一般先看横轴所代表的数量或时间等，然后再 看纵轴所显示的意义。同时必须找出线条所反映的最高或最低的变化。例如：这个曲线图的横轴代表1990年的不同的月份，纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从交 通事故曲线图上可知，前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升 到了最高点(39),此后一直呈下降的趋势，十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见，1990年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。(3)条形图作文条形图(Bar graph)也称为立柱图或圆柱图。条形图由宽度相同但长度不同的条块 代表不同的量。当要比较几个项目或量时，常用不同颜色来区分。条形图主要用 来表示：1)同一项目在不同时间的量;2)同一时间不同项目的量。阅读条形图时，要先看图例，再看横轴、纵横各代表什么量，每一个刻度所代表的值是多少，最 后找出图中各长条所表示的数据及各长条间的相互关系。例如：左边的条形图的横轴代表时间，纵轴代表期望寿命(Life Expectancy),这一 条形图想要体现的是同一项目(期望寿命)在不同时间的量。右边的条形图的横轴 也是代表时间，纵轴是代表婴儿的死亡率(InfantMortality),这一条形图想要体 现的也是同一项目(婴儿的死亡率)在不同时间的量。左边的条形图表明1990年 的人均期望寿命比1960年的人均期望寿命长20岁，而1990年的婴儿死亡率比1960年的婴儿死亡率下降了 50%o第二节图表作文的出题形式例 1 题目:Changes in Peoples DietStudy the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table.Write three paragraphs to:1.state the changes in peoples diet(饮食)in the past five years;2.give possible reasons for the changes;3.draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.例 2 题目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityRemember that your composition must be written according to the following outline;l.Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;2.Possible reason(s)for the decline of car accidents in the city;3.Your predictions of what will happen this year.Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible.例J 3 For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on thetopic Health Gain in Developing Countries.Your composition must be no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况2.说明引起变化的各种原因从以上例子可见，图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势；2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。第三节图表作文的写作要领 图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因 此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。图表作文的写作步骤写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：1）认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系；2）确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的 典型数据；3）编列文章的提纲；4）根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡；5）检查与修改。图表作文的篇章结构写图表作文时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据 变化反映什么问题或趋势，概述图表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成这一问题或 趋势的原因。第三段则展望未来的情况或提出解决问题的办法或建议。这一结构 可以简单地表述为：第一段：概述图表反映的主题思想第二段：分析产生的原因第三段：展望未来或提出方法或建议 图表作文常用的句型常用的开篇句型(即概述图表内容时常用的表达法)According to the table/pie chart/line graph/bar graph,we can see/conclude that.根据该表/图，我们可知.The table/graph reveals(shows/indicates/illustrates/represents/points out)that.该表/图表明.(3)As we can see from the table.As can be seen from the line/bar graph.As is shown(illustrated/indicated)in the pie chart.如表/图所示.描述增减变化常用的句型Compared with.is still increased by.The number of.grew/rose from.to.(3)An increase is shown in.;then came a sharp increase of.In.the number remains the same/drops to.There was a very slight(small/slow/gradual)rise/increase in 1990.There was a verysteady(marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/dramatic)drop(decrease/decline/fall/reduction)in 1998/compared with that of last year).下面是根据例2的题目要求写的范文。(1)From the graph,we can see that the number of car accidents in Walton cityfluctuated during the year of 199O.(2)The first two months of 1990 showed anincreasing trend.(3)The rate rose to 32 in March but fell to 26 in June.(4)From June on,the rate was rising again and reached the peak point 39 in August.A仕er August the rate began to decline remarkably,and eventually dropped to the lowest point 16 at the end of the year.（6）Therefore,its obvious that car accident in Walton city declined in 1990.主题句/概述表格反映的内 容一反映交通事故的变化情况小结：总结表格数据反映的总趋势（7）There are several reasons for the decline.（8）First,a new traffic law was made and came into force.（9）It provided that in summer every car must be air-conditioned.（IQ）As a result,the highest rate in August,when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents,dropped steadily.（ll）Second,new roads were built and some narrow streets were widened,which quickened the flow of traffic.02）Finally,the city administration made great efforts to heighten peoples awareness of observing traffic rules.主题句原因/措施一解释措施一/次要辅助。采取 措施一后的结果原因/措施二原因/措施三03）With all these new measures,rm sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go on falling this year.总结：展望未来的情况 第四节、图表作文练习及其参考范文下面是写作练习，在写作的过程中注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头的结尾的方法以及文章中的过渡等。练习 1：Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on Changes in Peoples Diet.Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table.Write three paragraphs to:1.state the changes in peoples diet（饮食）in the past five years;2.give possible reasons for the changes;3.draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.(1)As is shown in the table,there have been great changes in peoples diet between 1986 and 1990.(2)From the table,we can find that grain,formerly the main food of most Chinese people,is now playing a less important role in peoples diet(3)And the same goes for fruit and vegetables.(4)On the other hand,the consumption of high-nutrition food such milk and meat has increased rapidly.(5)What has caused these changes?There are mainly three reasons(主题 句).(6)First,people are much wealthier than before.(7)With higher income,they can afford to buy nutritious foods.(8)Second,people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health.(9)Lack of certain amount of meat or milk,for example,will result in poor health.(lO)Finally,owing to the economic reform,meat and milk,which were scarce in the past,are produced in large quantities.(ll)Although milk and meat are important to ones health,eating too much rich food may result in obesity and may other diseases.(12)Therefore,people should not only eat a lot of milk and meat,but also enough grain,fruit and vegetable for the sake of their health.图表作文(二)一、图表作文写作常识1、图形种类及概述法：泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table饼图：pie chart直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram表格图：table 流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram 程序图：processing/procedures diagram2、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/graph shows(that)According to the table/chart diagram/graph As(is)shown in the table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures,figures/statistics shows(that).It can be seen from the figures/statisticsWe can see from the figures/statisticsIt is clear from the figures/statisticsIt is apparent from the figures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures(that).table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how 3、图表中的数据(Data)具体表达法数据(Data)在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time持续变化的data在不同情况下：增力口：increase/raise/rise/go up.减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall.波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave.稳定:remain stable/stabilize/level off.最常用的两种表达法：动词+副词形式(Verb+Adverb form)形容词+名词形式(Adjective+Noun form)二、相关常用词组1、主章开头图表类型：table、chart、diagramgraph、column charts pie graph描述：show、describe illustrate can be seen from clear、apparent、reveal represent内容：figure,statistic number、percentage proportion2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的significant/significantly有意义的，重大的，重要的sharp/sharply锐利的，明显的，急剧的steep/steeply急剧升降的steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的slow/slowly缓慢的，不活跃的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably 稳定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的词significant changes图中一些较大变化noticeable trend 明显趋势during the same period 在同一时期grow/grew 增长distribute分布，区别 unequally不相等地in the case of adv.在.的情况下in terms of/in respect of/regarding 在.方面in contrast相反，大不相同government policy 政府政策market forces市场规率measure n.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，调节forecast n.先见，预见v.预测三、英语图表写作套句精选l.the table shows the changes in the number of.over the periodfrom.to.该表格描述了在年之年间数量的变化。2.the bar chart illustrates that.该柱状图展示 了.3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding.该图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。4.the diagram shows(that).该图向我们展示 了.5.the pie graph depicts(that).该圆形图揭示了.6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of.这个曲线图描述了.的趋势。7.the figures/statistics show(that).数据(字)表明.8.the tree diagram reveals how.该树型图向我们揭示了如何.9.the data/statistics show(that).该数据(字)可以这样理解.lO.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that.这些数据资料令我们得出结论ll.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table.如图所示12.according to the chart/figures.根据这些表（数字）.13.as is shown in the table.如表格所示.14.as can be seen from the diagram,great changes have taken place in.从图中可以看出，发生了巨大变化。15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure,we can see clearly that.or it isclear/apparent from the chart that 从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到 16.this is a graph which illustrates.这个图表向我们展示 了.17.this table shows the changing proportion of a&b from.to.该表格描述了年到年间a与b的比例关系。18.the graph,presented in a pie chart,shows the general trend in.该图以圆形图形式描述了.总的趋势。19.this is a column chart showing.这是个柱型图，描述了.2O.as can be seen from the graph,the two curves show the fluctuation of.如图所示，两条曲线描述了的波动情况。21.over the period from.to.the.remained level.在.至.期间，基本不变。22.in the year between.and.在.年至IJ.期间.23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998.1995 年至 1998 三年里24.from then on/from this time onwards.从那时起.25.the number of.remained steady/stable from（month/year）to（month/year）。月（年）至月（年）的数量基本不变。26.the number sharply went up to.数字急剧上升至.27.the percentage of.stayed the same between.and.至.期间.的比率维持不变。28.the figures peaked at.in（month/year）.的数目在.月（年）达至U顶点，为.29.the percentage remained steady at.比率维持在.30.the percentage of.is slightly larger/smaller than that of 比例比的比例略 高（低）。31.there is not a great deal of difference between.and.与.的区别 不大。32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of.该图表表明的数目增长了三倍。33 decreased year by year while.increasedsteadily.逐年减少，而.逐步上升。34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at）of%.的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为百分点。35.the figures/situation bottomed out in.数字（情况）在.达到底部。36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。37.a is.times as much/many as b.a 是 b 的.倍。38.a increased by.a 增长了.39.a increased to.a 增长到.40.high/low/great/small/percentage.比低高（低）41.there is an upward trend in the number of.数字呈上升趋势。42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from.to.到发生急剧上升。43.from.to.the rate of decrease slow down.从.至U.下降速率减慢。44.from this year on,there was a gradual declinel reduction in the.reaching a figure of.从这年起，.逐渐下降至.45.be similar to.与.相似46.be the same as.与.相同47.there are a lot similarities/differencesbetween.and.与.之间有许多相似(不同)之处48.a has something in common with b a 于 b 有共同之处。49.the difference between a and b lies in.a 与 b 之间 的差别在于50 (year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in.年.急剧上升开头段转述题目常用句型The line graphdescribes/illustrates/demonstrates/summarizes/outlines/shows.后面跟名词或者从句开头段或者主体段引出数据或者趋势常用句型According to/As shown in/As can be seen from后面跟图表的类型It can be seen from.后面跟图表的类型.thatIt is manifest from后面跟图表的类型that表示上升的动词Go up(wentup)/rise(rose)/grow(grew)/increase(increased)/ascend(ascended),其 中rise 和 increase 也经常作名词,grow-growth表示急剧上升的动词JumpQumped)/surge(surged)/shoot up(shot up)/soar(soared)其中 surge 也可以做名词表示下降的动词Decline/fall/drop/sink/dip/decrease/descend,其 中decline/fall/drop/decrease 也经常做名词表示急剧下降的动词Plummet/plunge表示速度快的形容词Sharp/dramatic/drastic/rapid/precipitous/steep 副词加-ly表示幅度大的形容词Marked/substantial/significant,副 词力口-ly表示缓慢,逐渐的形容词Gradual/steady/gentle/slow,副词加-ly表示小幅度的形容词Modest/moderate/slight,副词加-ly表示波动的动词Fluctuate,不及物动词，名词 fluctuation表示稳定在一个水平上的动词Level off at/level out at/hover at/stabilize at/reached a plateau at 表示达到最高的动词Peak at/reach the highest point at,peak 也可以做名词表示达到最低的动词Reach the bottom at/the lowest point at/bottom out at,bottom 也可以做名词表示经历了某种变化的及物动词Experience/witness/see表示达到了多少数量的及物动词或词组Reach/arrive at/amount to/hit/register/stand at表示占（后面跟百分数或数字）的及物动词或词组Account for/represent/constitute/make up表示数据由某几个部分组成的既无动词或者词组A is composed of/comprise/is made up of/consists of B,C and D.注意和include 区别表示对未来数字的预测的及物动词Project/predict/forecast表示“分别”的副词Respectivelyin the 2004 Olympics,China and Russia won X and Y gold medals respectively.表示“大约”的副词或者词组About,around,approximately,roughly,just over,just under图表作文（三）作文1DIRECTIONS:A.Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET ILC.Your essay should cover these three points:1.effect of the country s growing human population on its wildlife2.possible reason for the effect3.your suggestion for wildlife protection奈整闻卷出器?。25C f-*-学一 同 own I-二 w m*Mwxr,二 ai.【段落类型分析】第一段第二段第三段图画/图表描述段原因阐释段建议措施段【参考范文一】From these graphs,we can draw a conclusion that,with the growth of human population,the number of species has decreased rapidly in America,and some species have even vanished from our planet.There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here.Above all,as the human population grows rapidly,a growing number of people came to live where some wild species have been living.Then these species have to move to other places.Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die.In addition,although many people look on the wildlife as their friends,some people may not think so.They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money.Consequently,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed.The clear cutting has become increasingly serious.So some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.In order to protect the wildlife,!have some suggestions.First,the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed.Second,the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it.Third,as for ourselves,we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.(210 words)【参考范文二】The two charts show that the increase in the U.S.population has been accompanied by a corresponding decline in the number of wildlife species.Far too many species have been lost already.This poses a danger to the ecological balance.As the human population expands,w