1、189151词类(parts of speech)能够自由利用最小语言单位叫词,依据词形式、意义及其在句中作用所作分类叫词类(partsofspeech)。第1页189152英语词类英语词类十大词类十大词类实词(实词(6):):名词名词 动词动词 代词代词 形容词形容词 副词副词 数词数词 虚词(虚词(4):):冠词冠词 介介词词 连词连词 感叹词感叹词第2页189153词类词类缩写缩写例词例词使用方法1.名词名词n.John,room主,宾,表主,宾,表2.动词动词v.stand,be谓谓3.代词代词pron.them,everything主,宾,表主,宾,表4.形容词形容词adjgood,
2、interesting定,表定,表5.副词副词adv.almost,bravely状状6.数词数词num.nine,first定,表定,表7.连词连词conj.and,but,because,that,while不做成份8.介词介词prep.near,from,in,on,at不做成份9.冠词冠词art.a,an,the不作成份10.感叹词感叹词interj.hello,oh,well不作成份第3页189154名词:表示某类人,事物,某种物质或抽象概念名称表示某类人,事物,某种物质或抽象概念名称在句子中作主语,宾语或表语 The bags are on the desk.I like appl
3、es.This is a gook book.主语表语宾语第4页189155动词:表示动作或状态词汇表示动作或状态词汇情态动词情态动词助动词助动词实义动词实义动词系动词系动词及物动词及物动词不及物动词不及物动词read teach likerise work gobe动词:am/is/are was/were 感官动词:feel,smell,taste,look,sound改变动词:become,get,turn,grow be,do,does,did,have,has,hadmust,can,could,shall,should.第5页189156实义动词及物动词He is reading
4、a book.Mr.Green teaches us English.不及物动词The sun rises in the east.He works hard.第6页189157系动词The food smells good.The girl is beautiful.The apple looks red.The leaves become yellow.第7页189158代词:代替名词词代替名词词We are students of class 16.Tom gives me an apple.Who is there?-It is me.主语宾语表语第8页189159形容词:表示人或事物
5、性质、状态和特征词This is a red apple.She told us something interesting.The sun was hot yesterday.Lucy is tall in her class.定语后置定语表语表语第9页1891510副词:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等词,以说明动作性质或状态。We should get up early in the morning.The movie is very interesting.Tom often goes to school by bike.状语状语第10页1891511数词基数词:one,two,three
6、.序数词:first,second,thirdI have one book.She is the first in the class.定语定语表语表语第11页1891512句子成份句子成份和和基本句型基本句型第12页1891513第13页1891514什么是句子?什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成,是能表句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成,是能表示一个完整概念语言单位句子第一个字母示一个完整概念语言单位句子第一个字母必须必须大写大写,结尾要有,结尾要有?!I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!第14页189
7、1515当代汉语里普通句子成份有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语基本成份有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语。句子包含哪些成份?句子包含哪些成份?第15页1891516主语:主语:主语是在句子中说明全句主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题部分普通由名词,代词,中心主题部分普通由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当它位不定式,动名词或从句充当它位置普通在句首置普通在句首The girl is pretty.Readin
8、g is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.第16页1891517谓语:谓语:谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词短语组成短语组成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.第17页1891518表语:表语:表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,
9、副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.He went mad.Seeing is believing.第18页1891519宾语宾语宾语是动作,行为对象,由名词,代词,短语,宾语是动作,行为对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后S
10、he plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good boy.第19页1891520宾语补足语宾语补足语在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表示完整意思,还在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表示完整意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表示完整意思必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表示完整意思它它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样作用起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样作用它能够由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现它能够由名词
11、,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I heard my name called.第20页1891521状语状语状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发生时间,地点,目标,方式,程度普通由副词,生时间,地点,目标,方式,程度普通由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词词或短语充当,也介词短语,不
12、定式或相当于副词词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当可由从句来充当He did it carefully.He studied very hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.第21页1891522定语定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词,代词,数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都能够充当定语从句都能够充当定语 The black
13、bike is mine.Whats your name?I have 5 books.A sleeping boy is sleeping.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.第22页1891523三、同位语:三、同位语:同同同同位位位位语语语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事事事事物物物物句句句句子子子子成成成成份份份份放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位置置置置时时时时,一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成份份份份用用用用来来来来说说说说明明明明和和和和解解解解释释释释另另另另一一一一个个个个
14、句句句句子子子子成成成成份,这个句子成份就叫做它同位语。份,这个句子成份就叫做它同位语。份,这个句子成份就叫做它同位语。份,这个句子成份就叫做它同位语。We students should study hard.(students是是we同同位位语语,都都是是指指同同一一批批学学生生)Li Lei,my brother,came to see me today.(my brother是是Li Lei同位语)同位语)第23页1891524一一)挑出以下句中宾语挑出以下句中宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world
15、 speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.第24页1891525(二二)挑出以下句中表语挑出以下句中表语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-He is a teacher while his
16、 little brother is still a junior middle school student.第25页1891526(三三)挑出以下句中定语挑出以下句中定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.A beautiful girl is running to us.5.The boy in the clssroom is crying.第26页1891527(四四)挑出以下句中宾
17、语补足语挑出以下句中宾语补足语 He asked her to study hard.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.第27页1891528(五五)挑出以下句中状语挑出以下句中状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on
18、the motorbike was traveling too fast.第28页1891529 With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.第29页1891530句子成份练习句子成份练习1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps
19、us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补第30页18915318.I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9.There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy,they arrived safe.11、The fact is very clear th
20、at our team will win the game.12.After graduation he will work where he came from.宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语同位语状语状语第31页1891532第32页1891533按句子结构可分三种:按句子结构可分三种:简单句、简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句。简单句简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are Americ
21、an boys.They walked,talked and laughed.第33页1891534英语句子基本结构能够归纳成五种基本句型英语句子基本结构能够归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构基础。一:一:(主谓)(主谓)二:二:(主系表)(主系表)三:三:(主谓宾)(主谓宾)四:四:(主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)五:五:(主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)第34页1891535种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S
22、+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh第35页1891536基本句型一基本句型一+i(主谓)(主谓)此句型句子有一个共同特点,此句型句子有一个共同特点,即句子谓语动词都能表示完整意即句子谓语动词都能表示完整意思。思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面能够跟副词、介词短语、不后面能够跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。定式、状语从句等。第36页1891537i(不及物动词)(不及物动词)1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Th
23、eyflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayisplayinghavegone第37页1891538基本句型 二 +(主系表)(主系表)此句型句子有一个共同特点:句子谓语动词此句型句子有一个共同特点:句子谓语动词都不能表示一个完整意思,必须加上一个表明主都不能表示一个完整意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态表语组成复合谓语,才能表示完整语身份或状态表语组成复合谓语,才能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be,look,f
24、eel,smell,taste,soundbe,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类,等属一类,表示情况;表示情况;get,grow,become,turn,goget,grow,become,turn,go等属另等属另一类,表示改变。一类,表示改变。be be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连只起连系主语和表语作用。系主语和表语作用。第38页1891539(是系动词)(是系动词)(表语表语)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisfaceissmells(闻闻)felllo
25、oksisisbecameturnedanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.第39页1891540系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,系动词和表语一起组成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起组成合成谓语。第40页1891541一、系动词分类:一、系动词分类:一、系动词分类:一、系动词分类:常见系动词大致可分为三类。常见系动词大致可分为三类。常见系动词大致可分为三类。常见系动词大致可分为
26、三类。第第一一类类:表表示示特特征征或或状状态态,有有bebe,looklook,feelfeel,seemseem,appearappear,smellsmell,tastetaste,soundsound,turn out turn out(结果是、证实是)等。(结果是、证实是)等。You dont look very well.You dont look very well.I feel rather coldI feel rather cold.第41页1891542 He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.The roses smell sweet
27、.The roses smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the music sounds!How sweet the music sounds!第42页1891543第第二二类类:表表示示从从一一个个状状态态到到另另一一个个状状态态改改变变,有有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoo
28、dhasturnedbad.第43页1891544第第三三类类:表表示示保保持持状状态态,有有keepkeep,remainremain,continuecontinue,staystay等等。Keep quiet,children!Keep quiet,children!It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved.第44页1891545 基本句型基本句型 三三+t+(主谓宾)(主谓宾)此句型句子共同特点是:谓语此句型句子共同特点是:谓语动词都含有实义,都是主语产生动动词都含有实义,都是主语产生动作,但不能表示完整意思,必须跟作,但不能表示完
29、整意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作承受者,才能有一个宾语,即动作承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。词。第45页1891546(实义动词)(实义动词)(宾语宾语)1.Who2.She3.He8.He5.They6.Danny7.I4.Heknowslaughatunderstandsmadeatelikeswantsaidtheanswer?her.English.cakes.someapples.donuts.tohaveacupoftea.Goodmorning.第46页1891547 基本句型基本句型四四+t+IO+(主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)此
30、句型句子有一个共同特点:谓语动此句型句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表示完整意思。词必须跟有两个宾语才能表示完整意思。这两个宾语一个是动作直接承受者,另一这两个宾语一个是动作直接承受者,另一个是动作间接承受者。个是动作间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作间接承受者在动作直接承受者接,当动作间接承受者在动作直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。之前时,这一介词往往被省略。第47页1891548(及(及物)物)(多(多指人)指人)(多指物)(多指物)1.She2.She3.He8.He5.I6.I7.I4.Hepassedcooke
31、dbroughtboughtshowedgavetoldshowedhimherhusbandyouherhimhimmeanewdress.adeliciousmeal.adictionary.nothing.mypictures.ahand.howtorunthemachine.thatthebuswaslate.第48页1891549 基本句型基本句型 五五+t+(主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)此句型句子共同特点是:动此句型句子共同特点是:动词即使是及物动词,不过只跟一词即使是及物动词,不过只跟一个宾语还不能表示完整意思,必个宾语还不能表示完整意思,必须加上一个补充成份来补足宾语,须加上一个
32、补充成份来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。第49页1891550(及物)(及物)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethemclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.第50页1891551 用用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正宾语放到宾语补足做形式宾语,而将真正宾语放到宾语补足语后面,以
33、使句子结构平衡,是英语惯用句型结构语后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语惯用句型结构方式。即:方式。即:主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如:。如:I found it very pleasant to be with your family.第51页1891552(二)(二)第52页18915531.They work hard.主主 +谓谓2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+简宾简宾5.We should keep the pl
34、ants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓第53页1891554a,b,c,d,e,1,Pleas tell us a story._2,She smiled._3.I have a lot work to do._4.His job is to train swimmers._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.Please look at the picture._daebec第54页1891555 用用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正宾语放到宾语补足做形式宾语,而将
35、真正宾语放到宾语补足语后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语惯用句型结构语后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语惯用句型结构方式。即:方式。即:主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如:。如:I found it very pleasant to be with your family.第55页1891556并列句并列句 定定 义义 用用 法法 第56页1891557并列句是由并列句是由and,but,or,forand,but,or,for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义相关简单连词把两个或两个以上意义相关简单句连在一起而组成句子。其结构为句连在一起而组成句子。其结构为:简简单句单句+并
36、列连词并列连词+简单句。并列句是初简单句。并列句是初中英语语法重点和难点中英语语法重点和难点,也是中考常考也是中考常考知识点之一。要想真正、全方面掌握知识点之一。要想真正、全方面掌握并列句并列句,就让我们一起聆听它就让我们一起聆听它“四重奏四重奏”吧吧!定义定义并列句是由并列句是由and,but,or,forand,but,or,for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义相关简单连词把两个或两个以上意义相关简单句连在一起而组成句子。其结构为句连在一起而组成句子。其结构为:简简单句单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句。并列句是初简单句。并列句是初中英语语法重点和难点中英语语法重点和难点,也是中考常考也
37、是中考常考知识点之一。要想真正、全方面掌握知识点之一。要想真正、全方面掌握并列句并列句,就让我们一起聆听它就让我们一起聆听它“四重奏四重奏”吧吧!定义定义第57页1891558联合并列句联合并列句 并列连词并列连词:and(和、而且和、而且),其中其中and意为意为“和、又、而和、又、而”,表示动作先后等,表示动作先后等,notonly.butalso.(不但不但而且而且)等。等。Jimfinishedhishomeworkandhewenttobed.吉姆写完作业吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。就上床睡觉了。NotonlyIcometoschoolearly,butalsomyteacherdo
38、es.不但我到校早不但我到校早,而且我老师也是如此。而且我老师也是如此。and在表示条件时,可与在表示条件时,可与if引导必定条件句转换引导必定条件句转换keeppassingtheballtoeachother,andyou”llbeOk!Ifyoukeeppassingtheballeachother,you”llbeOk!第58页1891559转折并列句转折并列句并列连词并列连词:but(不过不过),however(然而然而),yet(不过不过),while(而而,然而然而)等。其中等。其中but意为意为“不过、可是、然而、不过不过、可是、然而、不过”,表意思转折,表意思转折。Shesg
39、oodatEnglish,butherChineseisntgood.她擅长英语她擅长英语,但语文不好。但语文不好。Heworkedhard,yethefailed.他努力地干他努力地干,然而失败了。然而失败了。Tomistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.汤姆个儿很高汤姆个儿很高,而他弟兄却很矮。而他弟兄却很矮。Idliketogowithyou,howevermyhandsarefull.我想和你一块儿去我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。可是我忙不过来。第59页1891560 尤其提醒尤其提醒:though,although(即使,尽管即使,尽管)不能不能 与与 but(
40、不过不过)连用。连用。即使他很累即使他很累,不过他没有停顿工作。不过他没有停顿工作。误误:Althoughheisverytired,buthedoesntstopworking.正正:Although he is very tired,he doesnt stop working.正正:Heisverytired,buthedoesntstopworking.第60页1891561选择并列句选择并列句并列连词并列连词:or(或者或者;不然不然,要不然要不然),either.or.(或者或者或者或者),neither.nor.(既不既不又不又不)等。等。Youmusttellthetruth,
41、oryouwillbepunished.你必须说真话你必须说真话,不然你将会受到处罚。不然你将会受到处罚。Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,oryoucanasksomeoneelsetodoit.你或者自己做你或者自己做,或者让他人去做。或者让他人去做。提醒提醒:“祈使句祈使句+or/and+简单句简单句”也是一个固定句型也是一个固定句型,此句此句型中祈使句在意义上相当于一个型中祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导条件状语从句引导条件状语从句。Workhard,andyoullpasstheexam.(=Ifyouworkhard,youllpasstheexam.)努力学习
42、努力学习,你就会经过考试。你就会经过考试。第61页1891562因果并列句因果并列句并列连词并列连词:for(:for(因为因为),),表示因果关系,起解释说明作用。表示因果关系,起解释说明作用。so(所以所以)等。其中等。其中so为为“所以、结果所以、结果”,表因果关系。,表因果关系。Thatwasourfirstlesson,soshedidntknowallournames.那是我们第一堂课那是我们第一堂课,所以她并不知道我们全部些人名字。所以她并不知道我们全部些人名字。Shedidntcometoschooltoday,forshewasill.今天她没来上学今天她没来上学,因为她生病
43、了。因为她生病了。提醒提醒:so与与because不能连用。不能连用。因为我有钱因为我有钱,所以我能给自己买很多东西。所以我能给自己买很多东西。误误:BecauseImrich,soIcanbuymyselflotsofthings.正正:BecauseImrich,Icanbuymyselflotsofthings.正正:Imrich,soIcanbuymyselflotsofthings.第62页18915631.Excuseme.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?Imsorry,_therearentanyseatsnow.Wouldyoumindwaitingforawhil
44、e?A.butB.andC.orD.so2.Workhard,_youwillpassthedrivingtest.A.orB.butC.becauseD.and3.Mikelearnsalotaboutinternet.And_.A.IdonteitherB.sodoIC.soamID.Iamtoo4.Callataxi,_youwillmissthetrain.A.andB.thoughC.becauseD.or5.Icametoseeher,_shewasntathome.A.butB.forC.orD.andADBDA第63页18915643)复合句复合句:含有:含有一个或一个以上从句
45、一个或一个以上从句句句子。复合句包含:子。复合句包含:名词性从句名词性从句(主语从(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句定语从句和和状语从句状语从句等。等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.第64页1891565划分句子成份划分句子成份1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.第65页1891566第66页知识回顾知识回顾Knowledge Knowledge ReviewReview第67页