《波西米亚丑闻》中的语用预设研究毕业论文.doc

2015暑期科研实习波西米亚丑闻中的语用预设研究专业年级： 英语123班学生姓名： 牛文静学 号: 2012015373指导教师： 刘青利完成日期： 2015年7月波西米亚丑闻中的语用预设研究A Study of Pragmatic Presupposition in A Scandal in Bohemia摘要在文学作品中，侦探小说占据重要位置并受到广大读者的喜爱。阿瑟柯南道尔是著名侦探小说作家之一，他最为著名的侦探作品福尔摩斯探案全集被翻译成多国文字，被侦探小说爱好者广为推崇。小说中的核心人物福尔摩斯也成为家喻户晓的名字。波西米亚丑闻则是是其中非常有名的一篇。预设，尤其是语用预设，在侦探小说中极其重要，是侦探进行推理，实现案件侦破的重要工具。国内外对这部世界经典侦探小说的研究不乏其人，但大多是从文学角度分析，如文体研究、叙事模式研究以及中译本研究等，涉及语用学角度的研究较少。语用预设在波西米亚丑闻中极其重要，是侦探家福尔摩斯进行案情推理，实现案件侦破的重要工具。鉴于此，本文试图从语用预设角度对波西米亚丑闻中的逻辑推理进行研究。本文尝试运用语用预设理论，从指称预设、语境预设、背景预设、交际对象预设四个方面，通过小说中的具体人物对话，分析柯南道尔波西米亚丑闻严密的逻辑推理手法，从而更好地理解该作品的精髓所在。关键字: 侦探小说 语用预设 语用功能 AbstractAs an important part in literary works, detective stories are very popular among readers. One of the best authors of detective stories is Arthur Conan Doyle. His most famous detective story collection The Complete Sherlock Holmes has been translated in many languages and widely spread in many countries. The most important character Holmes has become world famous detective. A Scandal in Bohemia is one the most outstanding novels of the famous detective novelist Canon Doyle. Presupposition, especially pragmatic presupposition is a quite important tool in the detective stories for the detective to make inferences and finally to succeed in the case. There are many people studying this classic detective novel at home and abroad. But most of the researches belong to literature, which are mainly on its style, narrative pattern, Chinese translation etc. There are few researches about the novel from the perspective of pragmatic presupposition. However, in A Scandal in Bohemia pragmatic presupposition is extremely important because it helps the detective Sherlock Holmes go reasoning and have cases uncovered. Thus, this thesis attempts to analyze the strict logic reasoning in A Scandal in Bohemia based on the theory of pragmatic presupposition. Based on the specific conversations in A Scandal in Bohemia, this paper tries to use pragmatic theory of presupposition, context presupposition, background presupposition, and address presupposition，so as to better understand the essence of the novel.Key words: Detective story, Pragmatic presupposition, Pragmatic functionLiterature ReviewSince presupposition was put forward by Gottlob Frege for the first time in 1892, the presupposition theory is developed and applied in different domains. Pragmatic presupposition as one approach of presupposition is always used to analyze different language phenomena. The analysis on pragmatic presupposition in detective story in this thesis will be based on this theory. The researches of presupposition are developed from philosophy to linguistics. In this process, presupposition has been defined by different scholars. Peccei thinks that “presupposition is treated as inferences about what is assumed to be true in the utterance rather than directly asserted to be true” (Peccei, 2000). But Verschueren has defined that “presuppositions are aspects of meaning that must be presupposed, understood, taken for granted for an utterance to make sense”(Verschueren, 2000). The scholars have their own understandings of presupposition, so the definition of presupposition does not achieve an agreement. In linguistics, the researches on presupposition can be divided into two approaches: semantic one and pragmatic one. While semantic presupposition is taken as the relationship of the propositions, pragmatic approach views presupposition as a relationship of speakers, utterances, propositions and contexts.The term “pragmatic presupposition” was first introduced and discussed by Stalanker in 1970s. He defines that “presuppositions are what is taken by the speaker to be the common ground of the participants in the conversation” (Stalnaker, 1974). He holds that the basic relation of presupposition is not between a proposition and a sentence, but between a communicative participant and a proposition. These different definitions of pragmatic presupposition have taken into account participants in communication and show something in common: appropriateness (or felicity) and mutual knowledge (or common ground) (He Ziran, 1998). These are the basic characteristics of pragmatic presupposition. In the researches on pragmatic presupposition, scholars and linguists find that the presupposition which goes with the concrete context is the appropriateness of pragmatic presupposition (He Ziran, 1998). It means that the presupposition is connected with context. According to Fillmore, presupposition is the precondition of a speech act (Fillmore, 1971). Different contexts imply different pragmatic presuppositions. Before a conversation, the speaker takes a presupposition to the context. This presupposed context must conform to the real context, otherwise the utterance will not be appropriated and the presupposition will be untenable. Appropriateness claims that presupposition must be closely linked up with context. It must be helpful to take a successful speech act, and make the hearer understand the act rightly. Before 2000s, the researches on pragmatic presupposition focus on the presupposition theory itself. In the recent years, scholars pay more attention to the application of presupposition theory. Different language phenomena are analyzed on the basis of presupposition theory. The researchers make use of formalized methods to list and analyze a large number of examples and illustrate the inference and application of presupposition combining with detailed and accurate language materials such as advertising language and Chinese debate tournaments.Some researches are the studies on courtroom interaction such as Zhang Yue (2006), Chen Xiufang (2007). In their researches, they explore how the lawyers or police acquire information through presupposition. According to Zhang Yue, in the courtroom during a trial, presupposition is “powerful techniques utilized by lawyers, witnesses, plaintiffs and defendants to make a favorable effect for them” (Zhang Yue, 2006). But the limited amount of data and the second hand data are the main limitations of their researches.he researches are also in literature like Zhou Wei (2005) who analyzes the presuppositions in Pride and Prejudice. This research analyzes how the characters in the novel achieve their communicative aims through the presupposition in their dialogues. Zhouwei thinks that presupposition “helps to organize sequence and content of discourse or article” (Zhou Wei, 2005). However, his research does not discuss the function of presupposition in literature understanding. The researches on pragmatic presupposition in detective story are also few. Xu Lihua and Xiao Qingzhi have discussed the application of pragmatic presupposition in Allen Poes reasoning story. They find that pragmatic presupposition is the clue of case solving and an effective way for reading and understanding the detective story (Xu Lihua & Xiao Qingzhi, 2006). However, their research does not provide an understandable way to judge pragmatic presupposition so that it is difficult for the readers who are unfamiliar with presupposition theory to find out and understand the pragmatic presupposition. As one of the most influential people who are never alive, Sherlock Holmes attracts researchers. The stories are discussed in many years. Most of the researches belong to literature. The researches are mainly on style, narrative pattern, the building of suspense and the characters. And in China, some researchers pay their attention to the translation of the story. There are also researches on the author. Some scholars research the story itself like Peter Brooks and Liu Bannong. The research of Peter Brooks (1992) is on narration. From Stories of Sherlock Holmes, the Chinese researcher Liu Bannong (1916) has summed up the condition of being a detective, narrative skills and characteristics of the figures in stories.As a classical detective story, Stories of Sherlock Holmes becomes a model of detective story creation. Jeffery Kinkley (2000) mainly studies Sherlock Holmes and his imitators. His discussion in “The Fiction” of Chinese Justice is viewed as the most comprehensive one. And Fan Boqun, who specializes in Chinese modern popular novels, comments on the Chinese imitator Cheng Xiaoqins works.In China, different translations of Stories of Sherlock Holmes are discussed. Eva Huang (Kong Huiyi) (2000) discusses the translations of Stories of Sherlock Holmes. She collected the early translation, including the Chinese imitator Cheng Xiaoqins translation, and the translations of leaders of Mandarin ducks and butterflies school such as Zhou Soujuan, Yan Duhe and Chen Xiaodie. The translations of the classical Chinese and modern vernacular Chinese are also collected. Eva Huang analyzes these translations from narrative style and interference of local culture. She points out that the translation of Stories of Sherlock Holmes, which was published by Zhong Hua Book Company in 1916, is established as a new standard for the novel translation. Li Oufan (2004) compares the suspense building in Stories of Sherlock Holmes with some detective stories. He finds that the crime in some detective stories is identified at the outset. And then how the official or detective finds out the truth will be told in later part. But in Stories of Sherlock Holmes, the truth of cases is always emerged in the end. It is also the reason why Stories of Sherlock Holmes attracts readers attention. In recent years, the researches on Stories of Sherlock Holmes have turned from literature to linguistics. The researchers begin to use linguistic knowledge to analyze the stories. Among these theories, pragmatics is the most effective one. Xiong Jie (2006) has discussed the application of cooperative principle in A Study in Scarlet. In his paper, he uses cooperative principle to analyze the dialogues in the story for revealing how such discourses attract the readers and how they add to the artistic glamour. In a detective story, the inference and reasoning process is the most important part in the story. 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