中考二轮复习英语精品专题汇编.pdf

直接引语与间接引语1直接引语转化为间接引语：三变：一变人陈二变时态三变状语四变句型直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为,yesterday 变为 today变为；tomorrow变为 地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此改为彼：指示代词中this要改为；these要改为 here变为；动词come变为；注yesterday变成the day before，时态要由原来的一般过去时变为过去完成时四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said,Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said,Can you swim,John?-He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework,havent you?my mother asked.My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike?-He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述 句语序)。She asked me,When do they have their dinner?”She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise,she said to the children.She told(ordered)the children not to make any noise.Bring me a cup of tea,please,said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词(或从句)。”如：He said,Lets go to the film.He suggested going to the film.或 He suggested that they should go to see the film.11 He said,Mother,the boy is very naughty.2 He said to me,I have left my book in your room.3 She said,I will come here again tonight.4 He said,I arrived yesterday morning.5She said,My sister will be back tomorrow morning.6P aul said,Tm trying to get a taxi.7 I never eat meat.He explained.8 Have you been here for ages?she said.9 He asked,Are you sure your mother will come?10 He asked,Are you a teacher or a student?11 He said to me,P lease come again tomorrow.12 He said to me,Dont do that again.213 He said,Where is she going?14 Who lives next door?she asked.15 Whats happened?he asked.16 Mary,when is the next train?he asked.17 Why did you stop the car,Tom?she asked.27 Shall I wait for them or shall I go on?the man asked.28 Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked?she asked.29 Will you be here tomorrow?he asked me.30 Would you like to come in for a drink?she asked Bill.35 Do sit down,everybody.said the hostess.巩固练习：1.She asked him.A.whose dictionary this is B.whose dictionary that wasC.whose dictionary is this D.whose dictionary that is2.Marys mother asked her.3A.that whether she had finished her homework B.if she has finished her homeworkC.if she had finished her homework D.that if she had finished her homework3.He asked me_.A.how would the weather be like tomorrow B.what the weather would be like the next dayC.how the weather would be like tomorrow D.what would the weather be like the next day4.She told me that she_by her relatives at the bus stop.A.had been seen off B.have seen off C.have been seen off D.had seen off5.Can you guess?A.what is that man B.who that man is C.whom that man is D.who is that man6.The hostess said that it_time that they_supper.A.was;had B.was;had had C.is;have D.is;have had7.The boss asked his secretary he had finished typing the report.A.if;or not B.if;not C.whether;or not D.whether;not直接引语和间接引语2一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1.直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：(1)My mother told me,“You should finish your homework first,then you can play with your friends.”(2)Our teacher said,“Class is over,we should have a rest.”2.间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:(1)My mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.(2)Our teacher said class was over and we should have a rest.二、直接引语与间接引语的变化直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中 的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1.现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在 完成时变成过去完成时。例如：4She said,“I am hungry.f She said(that)she was hungry.Vince said,“I have found what s wrong with the computer.-*Vince said he had found what was wrong with the computer.在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：(1)当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：He said,“The word*laser,is an acronym(首字母缩略词).f He said the word laser is an acronym.(2)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：T m forty,“he said.-*He said he is forty.(3)当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：He said,“It must be pretty late.I really must go.f He said it must be pretty late,and he really must go.He said,“You mustn t smoke in the room.v f He said I mustn t smoke in the room.2.过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点：(1)当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：He said,“I didn,t know you.-*He said he hadn t known me.当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事 实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：Ann said,“She was born in 1981.-*Ann said she was born in 1981.(2)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：Robert said,“I was joking with Mary.”-*Robert said he had been joking with Mary.Robert said he was joking with Mary.(3)过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：He said,“We hadn t returned to the store when she came.”f He said they hadn t returned to the store when she came.(4)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：John said,“When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”f John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.3.将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：He said,We re spending next weekend at home.”-*He said they were spending the next weekend at home.They said,We re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.f They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过 去将来时间。例如：He said,V 11 be waiting for you tomorrow.n-*He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.4.人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1)人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人5称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：He said,“We love our country.-*He said they love their county.（2）指示代词 this,these 分别变成 that/it,those/they 或 them；指示限定词 this,those 通 常变为that,those或the。例如：“This house is very expensive,“she said.-*She said that house was very expensive.（3）时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：a.时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：He said,“It was completes a year ago.-*He said it had been completed a year before.b.时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：She said,“We left P aris at 8 a.m.”-*She said they had left P aris at 8 a.m.She said they left P aris at 8 a.m.c.时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天 等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr.Black said,“We started learning Chinese last month.”f Mr.Black said they had started learning Chinese last month.（同一月弓I述）-*Mr.Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month.（可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）直接引语todaythis morning/afternoon yesterday（the）day before yesterday tomorrow（the）day after tomorrownext week/monthlast week/monthnow间接引语that daythat morning/afternoonthe day before,the previous daytwo days beforethe next day,the following daytwo days after,in two days*timethe next week/monththe week/month beforethen（4）地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here,也可 用具体地点代替here。例如：She said,“I first met your brother here.-*She said she first met my brother there.“Are the children here?”Father asked.-*Father asked whether the children were here.三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1.“Speak English more often in and out of class,“our English teacher said to us.Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class.（误）Our English teacher told/asked us to speak English more often in and out of class.（正）Our English teacher suggested that we（should）speak English more often in and out of class.（正）简析：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不 定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask,tell,order等动词，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.,但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补，只能接-ing形式或从句（从句用虚拟语气）作宾语。2.Don t play football on the street,little boys,“the policeman said.The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street.（误）The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street.（正）6简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时，要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,而不是加do not,does not,did not等。3.“Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs?”the young woman said to me.The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her.（误）The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her.（正）简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时，也变为不定式作宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改 写后不宜用ordero4.“You clean the classroom after class today,Tom,said the monitor.The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.（误）The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day.（正）简析：一般而言，祈使句是以动词原形开头的，但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者，也可以在句 首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。5.It s a fine day.Let s go to the country for a picnic,“P eter said to me.P eter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic.（误）P eter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him.（正）简析：当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时，我们就要用不同的方式将各 种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句，故变为由that引导的宾语从句，后面 部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。四、练习题I.将下列句子变为间接引语1.“You should be more careful next time,“his father said to him.2.Mr.Wang said,“I will leave for Shanghai on business next month,children.”3.“I haven t heard from my parents these days,“said Mary.4.The geography teacher said to us,“The moon moves around the earth and the earth go es roundthe sun.”5.She said to him,It s time that you left here.”6.Zhang Hong said to me,“Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.”7.John said to his parents,“I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.8.The history teacher said to them,“The Chinese Communist P arty was founded on July 1st,1921.”9.He said,Are you a student?”10.“Have you anything interesting I can read,George?v she said.11.She s here to ask for help,isn,t she?”he asked.12.uWhere are you going?”the father asked his son.13.“Are you sorry for what you have done?the mother asked the naughty boy.14.She said,“Did you meet this man at the station two hours ago,Mr.Li?”715.uWrite your names on your papers first,“the teacher said to us.16.“P lease come here again tomorrow,her friend said to her.17.“Let me pack the parcel for you,“he said.18.Don t make so much noise in class,boys and girls,v said the teacher.19.“What a lovely day it is!”20.“Happy New Year to you!”he said.II.把下列句子变为直接引语1.I told him that I had lost my money and that I would find it.2.She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.3.I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.4.His father told him not to climb that high tree in his new coat.5.The stranger asked me what my name was.6.She said that she would finish her work the next day.7.The teacher asked if we could do it.8.The commander ordered his men not to cross the river before dawn.9.My teacher asked whether he was coming.10.The scientist asked me what I was doing.参考答案：I.将下列句子变为间接引语1.His father told him that he should be more careful the next time.2.Mr.Wang told the children that he would leave for Shanghai on business the next mon th.3.Mary said that she hadn t heard from her parents those days.4.The geography teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth and the earth goe s roundthe sun.5.She told him that it was time that he left there.6.Zhang Hong told me that Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.7.John told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.8.The history teacher told them that the Chinese Communist P arty was founded on July 1 st,1921.9.He asked whether I was a student.10.She asked George11.He asked whetherif he had anything interesting she could read,she was there to ask for help or not.12.Thefather askedhis son where he was going.13.Themother askedthe naughty boy if he was sorry for what he had done.14.Sheasked Mr.Liwhether he had met that man at the station two hours before.15.Theteacher told16.Herfriend askedus to write our names on our papers first.her to go there again the next/following day.87.He offered to pack the parcel for me.18.The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise in class.19.He/She exclaimed that it was really a lovely day.20.He wished me a Happy New Year.I.把下列句子变为直接引语1.I said to him,“I have lost my money.I will find it.”2.She asked,“You will be free tomorrow,won t you?”3.I asked her,“Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?n4.His father said,Don t climb this high tree in your new coat.”5.The stranger asked,What s your name?”6.T 11 finish my work tomorrow,v she said.7.The teacher asked,“Can you do it?”8.The commander ordered his men,Don t cross the river before dawn.”9.My teacher asked,“Is he coming?10.The scientist asked me,“What are you doing?”直接引语和间接引语31、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句，称为直接引语。在书写时，直接 引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容，称为间接引语。2、直接引语改变为间接引语：1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：不用引号，而用连接词that,但有时可省略。人称作相应变化；主句里的动词如果是过去时，间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时；一 般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过 去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。如：He says,I am not from the USA.He says that he is not from the USA.Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“I haven,t seen you for a long time.”Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green,Is it made in China?Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句茂为间接引语时濡用疑问词引导，词序是：连词+主语+谓语。如：Lucy said to me,“How can I help?”Lucy asked me how she could help.4、直接引语如是祈使句，变间接引语时，须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order.如：He said to the little boy,“Come here,young man!”He asked the little boy to go there.95、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化 倒装句：谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。1、THERE BE 句型以及以 here、there 开头的句子。如：There are a lot of children in the showroom.（在 展览室里有许多的小孩。）/Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）/There goes the bell.（铃响了。）/The door opened and in came Mr Lee.（门开了，李先生走了 进来。）2、用“So/Nor/Neither+助动词+主语”倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week,and,so did I.（Tom 上个星期去 了海滩，我也是。）/Li Meis bought nothing from the shop.Neither has Jim.（李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。）3、在疑问句中，通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法，对主语提问除外。如：How did he find the lost book?（他是怎么样找至丢失的书的？）/Where are they going to spend the summer vacation?（他们打 算到哪儿过暑假？）4、感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移，而将句子的主谓语整体后置。如：What a beautiful flower（it is）!（那是多漂亮的花！）5、有引号引用某人的原话时，引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾，但是，若主语是代词则不倒 装。如：What on earth are you doing up there?,?said the father.（父亲说：“你在上边到底干什么？”）/“What on earth are you doing up there?,5he said.（他说：你在上边至lj底干什么？”）附加注释die、dead、death的用法：die是动词，可以独立做谓语，有各种时态变化，也可以变成非谓语形式作句子 的其他成分；dead是形容词，作句子的定语、表语或宾语补足语；death是名词，作句子的主语、宾语等。如：P m going to die!（我要死了！）/The man has been dead for about three months.（那个人死了三个月左 右。）/He is worried to death.（他急得要死。）直接引语与间接引语4直接引语：一字不改的引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分即为直接引语。一般前后用引号，首字母大写。间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，被转述的部分即为间接引语。通常以宾语从句的形式出现，不用引号。直接引语变为间接引语时，要注意人称、时态、连接词、语序以及时间状语、地点状语、指示代词及方向性动词的变化。一、人称变化直接引语是第一人称变为间接引语时，一般要变为与主句主语相一致的人称；第二人称变为与主句的 间接宾语相一致的人称（如果没有间接宾语，可根据上下文的体会确定一个人称）；第三人称一般不 改变。例如 He told me,Ill give you a book when I meet you again.He told me he would give me a book when he met me again.二、时态的变化 10如果主句是过去式态，变为间接引语时应向前推一个时态。即一般现在时一一般过去式，现在进 行时过去进行时，现在完成时过去完成时，一般过去时一过去完成时，过去进行时一过去完 成进行时，一般将来时一过去将来时等。例如She wondered:When will the meeting begin.一She wondered when the meeting would begin.但在以下几种情况下,间接引语的时态不用变化。1、当直接引语表示的是客观真理或经常性的特点时。例如She said,The earth goes around the sun .She said that the earth goes around the sun.2、当直接引语中有绝对具体的过去时间作状语时，保持原来的一般过去时。例如He said,I left home in 1942.一He said he left home in 1942.注：间接引语中的谓语动词有时需要适当的调整。Say后