考研英语通关必备语法.pdf

-全国硕士研究生入学考试-考研英语通关必备语法：考研英语通关必备语法第一讲英语语法结构导读:英语句子虽千变万化，却万变不离其宗。这一讲主要从强调语法的重要性人 手,为考研英语基础薄弱的同学搭建起基本语法结构，从句子的功能角度了解英语句子 的主要划分。一、考研英语大纲对语法的说明评价目标：考生应掌握下列语言知识技能：（一）语言知识1.语法知识考生应该能熟练运用基本的语法知识。本大纲没有列出对语法知识的具体要求，其 目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写、译的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中 更准确、自如地运用语法知识。It is time to wash your face.It is time that you washed your face.考研英语绝不是不考语法,而是考核形式改变了，考查要求更高了。真题句子：Creating a u European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.（20 0 5 年第 49 题）不同文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一个整体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传 统的“欧洲特色”绝非易事,需要人们做出战略性选择。语法知识点,难过考研英语长句、难句关，无法驾驭考查要求更高的语篇层次。R ather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,S enior suggests we need to refine happiness：instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.（20 11,Text 4）S enior没有断言孩子要么使父母感到幸福要么使他们感到痛苦，而是建议我们重新 定义幸福:幸福不是可以用瞬间开心来衡量的东西，我们应该把幸福视为过去时态。考试点（）名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.（Translation,20 0 4,第 61 题）误译1：希腊人猜测这种语言的构成和思维的变化息息相关，源自古老的欧洲。而那 时候人们并没有意识到语言的发展。误译2：远在人们意识到语言的多样性之前，来自欧洲的希腊人就认为语言结构和人 类的思维过程有某种联系。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.（Translation,20 0 4，第 61 题）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识 到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎了根。句子的划分按功能划分：陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句Beauty will buy no beef.A journey of one thousand Li starts from a single step.疑问句According to what you have just said,am I to understand the new post carries no responsibility with it at all?（1998 年第 29 题）If you know what the trouble is,why dont you help them to rectify the situation?（1997 年第30题）祈使句Please restrain yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.（1998 年第 31 题）感叹句What a N!2 考研英语通关必备语法What a movie!There is still much room for the improvement.What a movie!No one was not greatly touched by it.3 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365第二讲英语基本句型导读:英语句子虽变化多端，却万变不离其宗。从结构上看，五大基本句型构成了英 语句法的核心。掌握了五大基本句型，就拿到了打开长难句之门的钥匙。英语基本句型简单句五大基本句型1.S VP主系表2.S V主谓3.S VO主谓宾4.S VOO主谓宾宾5.S VOC主谓宾补1.SVPI am what I am.The leaves turned yellow.He died a manager.He acts foolish.It was no coincidence that his car was seen near the bank at the time of robbery.（20 0 1 年第12题）2.SVThe sun rises.Man proposes,God disposes.From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off.（1999 年 Cloze Test）His efforts to bring about reconciliation between two parties came off.（20 0 0 年第 24 题）他为促成双方和解而付出的努力取得了成功。3.SVONobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will drag down the economy.（1997 年第 25 题）无人知晓这次金融体系的动荡会在多长时间内、多大程度上使经济下滑。4 考研英语通关必备语法4.SVOOProf.Lee s book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.5.SVOCI made Tom our class president.I made Tom a cake.I made Tom(be)our class president.I made Tom(be)a cake.Alice made Tom a good husband.Alice made Tom a good wife.S uch characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Bronson s Dr.de Waal5 s study.(20 0 5 年 Text 1)There be 句型：There is the R oyal S hakespeare Company(R S C),which presents superb productions of the plays at the S hakespeare Memorial Theatre on theAvon.(20 0 6 年 Text 2)状语的概念：The sun sets in the west.I love this game deeply/in depth.What did you learn?5 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365第三讲名词短语的理解(一)导读:英语与汉语的思维方式不同。汉语的定语置于所修饰对象之前，而英语的定 语除了前置亦可后置。后置定语可以是介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语,形容词短语。如果将上述后置定语任意两种或三种组合，就会对阅读产生较大的障碍。本讲从基础讲 起，先分类识别，后排列组合。名词短语的理解汉语:前置性思维习惯英语:后置性思维习惯蜂鸟翅膀的振动速度极为惊人。速度极为惊人。振动速度极为惊人。翅膀的振动速度极为惊人。蜂鸟翅膀的振动速度极为惊人。The rapidity is remarkable.The rapidity of the motion is remarkable.The rapidity of the motion of the wing is remarkable.The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable.前置定语expert performancepollution monitorsThe present situationfar-reaching changescontinually updated information后置定语people present at the meetingglass broken by Tomability to sing an English songprogress in English studyAny idea that you may think of6 考研英语通关必备语法特殊people concerned tickets available Present situation People present at the meeting 一、名词+介词结构Have you any comment on the proposal.Our university lays special emphasis on English.名词后与on搭配 dependence impact/influence pressure ConcentrationHe has no consideration for others.He came to Hong Kong because of his desire for a higher standard of living.名词后与for搭配 affection admiration appetite responsibilityCapacityHis familiarity with many languages surprised us all.名词后与with搭配 accordance acquaintance association combination popularity 名词后与in搭配 advanceprogress7 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365difficultytrouble faith proficiencyAll the students have access to the school library.We finally found the solution to the problem.名词后与to搭配adjustmentapproachattentioncontributiondamagekeyObjectionreactionresponseHis attitude towards criticism from the mass media is incorrect.He invented a space telescope with a mirror over six and a half feet in diameter.,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(1991/48)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind；(1993/71)科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999/72)译文1：人们对历史研究方法产生兴趣，更少地是/这与其说是外界对历史作为一门 知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，更多地是/还不如说是历史学家内部产生了争吵。Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999/72)8 考研英语通关必备语法译文1:人们之所以历史研究方法产生兴趣，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一致，其 次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。Traditionally,legal meaning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.(20 0 7/46)传统上来说,这些院校一直把法律学习看作是律师特有的权利，而不是受教育者知 识才能必备的一部分。强化练习：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibility of the news media.(20 0 7/48)但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，这一观点取决于 的理解an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibility of the news media.(20 0 7/48)新闻媒体对固有惯例及其特殊职责It maybe said that measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experiencing；but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(20 0 9/46)可以说,存在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效果，但是这种效果并不是它 原始动机的一部分。任何社会制度的价值的衡量9 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365第四讲 名词短语的理解(二)二、名词+形容词结构He is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.They are trying their uttermost to produce a battery both powerful and cheap enough.S uch standardized tests may not access all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues R obert J,S ternberg.R obert J,S ternberg认为，这样的标准化测试不可能评估学校和生活中取得成功所需 的所有重要因素。They believed the data support an idea current among marine biologist,that of the shifting baseline.他们认为，数据支持在海洋生物学家中盛行的一个观点，这个观点就是这条基线是 变化的。Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you might surprise 一 fall off.(1999,Text 1)现在的梯子有带有几英尺长的警告标签，除了警告其他可能发生的意外之外，还特 别警告你可能会摔下来这种警告真是莫名其妙。There is no argument whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(1999,74)方法论是指一般历史研究中特有的概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域所适用的 研究手段,人们对此意见不一。三、名词+动词不定式work to doability to complete the missionPeople everywhere in the world are looking for the methods to make the air clean.The best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of 10 考研英语通关必备语法others,they cannot participate in our democracy.He assets,also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.(20 0 8/47)他声称，他 能力非常有限，因为这个原因，他因此确信自己在数学方面根本不会有所成就。长时间、纯抽象四、名词+现在分词A team of researchers working in the laboratoryImmigrants living within the United S tateshose suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.J ust as smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that science about global warming is not complete.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledge elite,these were stores anyone could enter,regardless of class or background.这些商店不是为迎合有知识的精英们开的精品店，相反，这些商店是不分阶景，人人 都可以进去的大众商店。Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problem arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.(20 0 0/75)由于人口猛增或大量人口流动现代交通工具使这样的大量人口流动现在变得 相对容易所引起的各种问题也同样造成新的社会压力。Most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning.The shareholder as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.像这样的股东并不了解他们所持股公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需求，因此他们 对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in historical study.(1999/73)在这种转变中，那些在历史研究中用来解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 11 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365方法。This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in；a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.(20 0 5/48)仅仅这一点就足以表明，电视行业不是一个容易生存的行业，因为统计数字强调了 这一事实，这些统计数据表明，在欧洲80个电视网络中，在1989年有不少于50%的电视 网络都遭受了亏损。五、名词+过去分词moral compromises made by American leadersa culture of consumption launched by the 19th-century department storeMost substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoningThe shareholder as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.像这样的股东并不了解他们所持股公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需求，因此他们 对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in historical study.(1999/73)在这种转变中，那些在历史研究中用来解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 方法。This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in；a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.(20 0 5/48)仅仅这一点就足以表明，电视行业不是一个容易生存的行业，因为统计数字强调了 这一事实，这些统计数据表明，在欧洲80个电视网络中，在1989年有不少于50%的电视 网络都遭受了亏损。12 考研英语通关必备语法第五讲名词短语的理解(三)六、多种复杂后置定语1.A man without education,many of us believe,is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances,deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.2.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.对大坝的影响以及治水的成本和收益来进行恰当而又科学的研究能够有助于解决 这些冲突。3.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(20 0 3/63)强调，加上_的跨文化视角，使这一门研究成为一门独特且非常重要的社会科学。一手资料的收集，分析过去和现在文化形态4.S ome of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.这些原因当中的有些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果，而另一些原因则是 必然结果。由于科学在一定程度上加速而产生特定进步的5.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.例如，经济方面的变化使得青少年的就业机会更少，总的失业率上升,这就会使得赚 钱的工作日益难找。6.The decision of the New Y ork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 20 0 9.纽约爱乐乐团决定任命Alan Glbert为下一任音乐总监，自此消息2009年突然宣布 以来，就成了古典音乐界谈论的话题。7.He is gifted with the ability to take the work of scientists and translate it into language13 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365that children enjoy reading.他天生具有承担科学家工作并将其转化为孩子们喜欢阅读的语言能力。8.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的极大关注表明了存在于我们社会的那 种强烈的感受，即所有公民，不论情况特殊与否，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。9.One of the unique attributes of her organization is a unique leadership development model called u Partners in Leadership which involves a series of workshops designed to get the youths to make key strategic decisions.她的机构别具一格的特点之一就是一种被称作是“领导合作伙伴”的独特领导能力 发展模式,这一模式涉及到一系列旨在使年轻人做出关键性战略决策的研讨会。10.Princeton geoscientist Keller and a research team have compiled new evidence disproving a popular theory that an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago.普林斯顿大学地球科学家Keller和一个研究团队已经收集了新的证据来反驳一个 流行的理论,这个理论认为一个小行星大约在六千五百万年前使恐龙灭绝。11.The task of peering into cosmos and discovering strange new galaxies sounds like a job for astronomers armed with big and very expensive telescope.探索宇宙和发现新的陌生星系的任务听起来像是那些装备有巨大而十分昂贵望远 镜的天文学家的工作。12.The role of cultural factors in determining how higher education institutions react to and promote community engagement and contribute to regional and local developments is crucial.在确定高等教育机构如何反应和促进社区参与,并且如何有助于区域和地方发展方 面，文化因素的作用是至关重要的。13.The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in array the limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.(20 11,第 50 题)其正面意义在于，知道一切都取决于我们自己，这就有了诸多可能;以前我们是熟悉 各种局限的专家，现在我们成了驾驭各种可能性的专家。14.Chomsky5 s grammar should know patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it,whereas Greenbergian universality predicts 14 考研英语通关必备语法strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.（20 12,第 50 题）乔姆斯基的语法应该说明了语言变化的模式,这些模式并不受语言谱系或路径的影响,而格林堡式的普遍性预测了 紧密相互依赖性15 考试点()名师精品课程 电话：400-6885-365第六讲定语从句(一)导读:定语从句又称形容词性从句，是用来说明主句中某一名词，短语，或整个主句 而起形容词作用的句子。定语从句可分为:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。定语 从句的基本概念包括先行词、关系代词、关系副词。一、先行词定语从句所修饰的对象1.先行词是一个词The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears,the figure that she carries,or the way she combs her hair.The beauty of a woman must be seen from in her eyes,because that is the doorway to her heart,the place where love resides.Ther is this difference between happiness and wisdom：he wh