英语语言学语言学知识点省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

语言学知识点语言学知识点第1页nI 语言学导论 nII 语言学主要分支学科 nIII 语言学流派和理论 第2页I 语言学导论语言学导论 1.design feature of language（语言定义特征）2.Language Families(世界语言分类)3.important distinctions in linguistics(语言学研究中几对主要概念)4.scope of linguistics (语言学研究范围)第3页n n1.1.design feature of language（语言定义特征（语言定义特征)defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 第4页1.design feature of language语言定义特征语言定义特征n n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）n n2)Duality(二层性二层性)n n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性创造性)n n4)Displacement（移位性）（移位性）n n5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性文化传递性)第5页n n1）Arbitrariness(任意性):n n定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.n n举例：n n书,book,livren n喜欢，like，aimer第6页n n2）Duality（二层性）:n n定义：the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.n n举例：举例：Sounds syllables words phrases Sounds syllables words phrases clauses sentences texts/discourses clauses sentences texts/discourses第7页n n3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:n n定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality n n举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carp or parkn n举例2：England,defeated,Francen nEngland defeated France.n nFrance defeated England.第8页n n4）Displacement（替换性）:n n定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.第9页n n5）Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:n n定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.n n反例：印度狼孩第10页3.Design feature 定义特征定义特征n n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）n n2)Duality(二层性二层性)n n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性创造性)n n4)Displacement（移位性）（移位性）n n5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性文化传递性)n n 怎样记忆怎样记忆:五性，创意遗传五性，创意遗传第11页n n4.Important Distinctions in Linguistics n n (语言学研究中几对主要概念)n n1)descriptive&prescriptive n n2)synchronic&diachronicn n3)langue&parolen n4)competence&performance第12页n n1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（要求性）n nDescriptive:describing how things are.n nprescriptive:prescribing how things ought to be第13页Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn n举例：n nDont say X.n nPeople dont say X.n nThe first is a prescriptive command,while the second is a descriptive statement.第14页n n2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）n nsynchronic:takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.n ndiachronic:the study of a language through the course of its history.第15页n n举例：n n研究18英语发音 n nSynchronic studies(共时性研究)n n研究1800-1900法语语法改变n nDiachronic studies(历时研究)第16页2.世界语言分类世界语言分类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支第17页2.世界语言分类世界语言分类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支第18页Indo-European language family印欧语系Germanic group 日耳曼语族West Branch西日耳曼语支英语，德语North Branch瑞典语，丹麦语-Celtic group凯尔特语族North Celtic group北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语，盖尔语South Celtic group南凯尔特语支威尔士语Roman group罗曼语族West Roman Group西罗曼语支法语，西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语Slavic group斯拉夫语族West Slavic group斯拉夫语西支波兰语，捷克语东支俄语第19页 Important Distinctions in Linguistics n n3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）n nTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,father of modern linguistics n nlangue:abstract linguistic systemn nparole:actual realization of langue第20页Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn举例：n汉语系统nlanguen每个中国人在不一样详细场景中说出详细话语nparole第21页Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn n4)Competence（语言能力）and performance（语言利用）n ntheorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)n ncompetence:users knowledge n nof rules about the linguistic system.n nperformance:the actual n nrealization of this knowledge in concrete situations.第22页n n5.Scope of Linguistics(语言学研究范围)n n1）按研究内容来分n n2）按研究导向来分第23页语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-linguistics语言与外部世界关系问题第24页语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第25页Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理语言学Language&Cultureanthropological linguistics人类语言学Language&ComputerComputational Linguistics计算机语言学第26页语言学分类语言学分类-按研究导向分按研究导向分Linguistics TheoreticalLinguisticsLinguistic nature,universal rulesApplied Linguisticslanguage acquisition,teaching,assessment第27页语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第28页语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第29页n n考点:n n1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)定义和区分n n2.语音学主要概念:清音和浊音n n3.音系学主要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征 第30页n nPhonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages:how they are produced,transmitted and how they are received.n nPhonology:aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.n n区分:meaning(是否研究和表示意义相关语音）第31页n n举例:n ntoo 和 tea 中/t/n n发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n n发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n n语音学要研究这种/t/发音不一样之处,音系学不研究第32页n nPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.第33页语音学分类语音学分类n narticulatory phonetics(发音语音学):speakers production n nacoustic phonetics（声学语音学）:transmissions mediumn nauditory phonetics(听觉语音学):receivers reception 第34页n n怎样记忆phonetics和phonolgy区分:n n联想:mathematics,physics,mechanics n n phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强 n n n n geology,sociology,astrologyn n phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强第35页 How speech sounds are made Speech organs第36页第37页Position of the vocal folds(声带声带):voicing(浊音浊音)and voiceless(清音清音)第38页n nVoiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction n n清音举例：p,s,tn nVoicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together,letting the air stream vibrates n n浊音:b,z,d第39页n nThe distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.n nAs there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels,the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.第40页n n音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.n n音系学主要概念:n nphone音子，n nphoneme音位(音系研究基本单位)n nsupra-segmental features超音段特征第41页n nPhone(音子)：a phonetic unit;the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones n n举例:n ntoo 和 tea 中/t/n n发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n n发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n n所以too 和 tea 中/t/两个不一样音子第42页 Phoneme(音位):phonological and abstract unit,a unit of distinctive value;the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.举例：tea 和 sea,/t/和/s/是两个不一样音位morpheme第43页n nWhat is the point of departure of phonology?n nA.phone B.sound C.voice D.phoneme 第44页n nWhat is the point of departure of phonology?n nA.phone B.sound C.voice D.phoneme(音位)第45页n nWhat is the point of departure of phonetics?n nA.phone B.sound C.voice D.phoneme 第46页n nWhat is the point of departure of phonetics?n nA.phone B.sound C.voice D.phoneme 第47页Suprasegmental features(超音段超音段特征特征)n nSuprasegmental features:phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.n nThe principal suprasegmentals are:第48页n nSupra-segmental features(超音段特征)：n nstress（重音）n n举例:perfect(adj)和 perfect(v)n ntone(声调)/pitch(音高):n n定义:sound feature which are caused by the differing rate of vibration of the vocal folds.n n举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂n n比较：英语单词，如me第49页n nintonation（语气）：pitch,stress,and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation.举例:第50页 Morphology 形态学形态学n n1.学科定义n n2.语素定义和分类n n3.词分类（classification of words）第51页形态学研究基本单位形态学研究基本单位n n1.morpheme(语素）.The most basic element of meaning in language，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.n n举例：n nball n nfootball n nballs第52页Morpheme语素Free morpheme自由语素定义：constitute words by themselves举例：girl,book,dogBound morpheme粘附语素定义:not occur by themselves Derivational morpheme派生语素定义：change lexical meaning举例：Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectional morpheme屈折语素定义：change grammatical meaning举例:-s,-ed,-ing,er,est第53页 Types of Morphemesn nFree morphemes vs.Bound morphemes（自（自由语素和黏着语素）由语素和黏着语素）:n nFree morphemes:Free morphemes:those that may constitute those that may constitute words by themselves,eg words by themselves,eg boy,girl,table,nationboy,girl,table,nation.n nBound morphemes:Bound morphemes:those that cannot occur those that cannot occur alone,eg alone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-s,-ed,dis-,un-.第54页Types of Bound Morphemen nInflectional morpheme(屈折语素)=inflectional affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical meaning(number,aspect,case,tense)n nDerivational morpheme（派生语素）=inflectional affix(派生词缀）:change the lexical meaning 第55页ndis+like+s derivational free inflectional morpheme 第56页nlight+en+ed free derivational inflectional morpheme 第57页n nDerivational morpheme(改变词义):n n改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-n n改变词性：en-,-full,-mentn nInflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）:n n改变名称性，数，格：-ess,-s,n n改变动词时,态，体:-ing,-ed,n n改变形容词级：-er,-est第58页词分类词分类-按构词法分按构词法分wordSimple word简单词Compound word合成词Derivational word派生词第59页n n怎样区分配生词（derivational word）和 合成词(compound word):拆开后看各个组成语素能否都单独成词，假如能够，就是合成词，假如不能就是派生词。n nBusinessman:business+mann nPlayboy:play+boy n nMouthful:mouth+fuln nLighten:light+en第60页词分类词分类-按词义分按词义分wordGrammatical word 语法词（function word 功能词）定义：表达语法意义，连接举例：prep介词，conj连词，art冠词，pronoun代词Lexical word词汇词（content word 实义词）定义：表达实际意义（物质，动作和性质）的词举例：n名词，v动词，adj形容词，adv副词第61页词分类词分类-按开放性分按开放性分wordOpen class word开放词类定义：不断有新词进入举例：noun,adj,verb,advClosed-class word封闭词类定义：基本没有新词进入举例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun第62页词分类词分类-按在句子主要性分按在句子主要性分词类Major part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词第63页 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词n按在句中主要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副,介次要词类：冠，代，连词第64页 Syntax 句法句法n n考点n n1.定义n n2.句法范围n n3.句子类型第65页n n1.Syntax定义：:studies internal structure of sentence and rules of sentence-formation第66页n nCategory(范围):a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as sentence,a noun phrase or a verb(起相同作用一类语言单位)n nSyntactical category(句法范围):a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in sentence-formation.（在句子组成中起相同作用一类语言单位）第67页Syntactical category(句法范围句法范围)n nWord-lexical categoryn nPhrase-phrasal categoryn nClause-clausal categoryn nSentence第68页Lexical Category 词法范围词法范围=Parts of Speech 词类词类Lexical categoryMajor part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词第69页 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词n按在句中主要性分n主要词类/范围:名，动，形，副,介n次要词类/范围：冠，代，连词第70页n n phrasen n specifier head complementn n a car five meters awayn n 第71页72Sentence Types(句子类型句子类型)simple Sentence complexnon-simple compound第72页n n4.句子分类：n nSimple sentence 简单句n nCoordinate sentence 并列句n nComplex sentence 复杂句第73页n nsimple sentence 简单句n n定义：also called independent clause,contains a subject and a verb,and it expresses a complete thought.第74页n n练习：Jim and Mike play football every afternoon.n n(simple sentence)Mary goes to the library and studies every day.(coordinate sentence)第75页n ncoordinate sentence并列句:contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并列连词)such as and,or,but etc.Coordinators are often preceded by a comma.n n例句:n n I tried to speak Spanish,and my friend tried to speak English.Lily went to play football,but Maria went shopping.第76页n nYou have to do it one way or the other.n nSimple sentencen nThe workers were cheerful,or at least they appeared to be cheerful.n nCoordinate sentence第77页n ncomplex sentence n n定义：A complex sentence has an independent clause joined with one or more dependent clauses by one or more subordinators(隶属连词)such as if,when,because,althoug.第78页n nAs he is growing old,he seldom goes out.n nHe is growing old,whereas he becomes healthier.n n怎样区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示关系 n n并列，选择和转折关系-并列句n n时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句 第79页Semanticsn n考点：n n1.定义：study of meaningn n2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义n n3.五种词语语义关系第80页n nLudwig Wittgenstein:The meaning of a word is its use in the language.n nMeaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.n nReferenceReference（指称）（指称）（指称）（指称）:how language how language refersrefers to the to the real physical world(real physical world(语言指代外部物质世界语言指代外部物质世界语言指代外部物质世界语言指代外部物质世界)n nSenseSense（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）:inherent meaning of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.(dictionary compilers are interested in.(语言形语言形语言形语言形式内在意义式内在意义式内在意义式内在意义)第81页 conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word)stands for (object)第82页 dogSense:a domesticated canine mammal Reference:第83页Synonymy 同义同义n nSynonymy 同义:sameness or similarity of meaning.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.第84页同义分类举例同义分类举例n ndialectical synonym地域同义词：n n举例:fall and autumn,flat and apartment n nstylistic synonym格调同义词：n n举例:cop and police,kid and offspringn ncollocational synonym搭配同义词：n n举例:accuse of,charge with,rebuke forn nSemantically different synonym语义稍有不一样同义词:n n举例:surprise and astound,blame and rebuke第85页Antonymy 反义反义n nAntonymy 反义:oppositeness of meaning.Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.n nAntonymy 反义关系分类：n ngradable antonymy 等级反义n ncomplementary antonymy互补反义n nconverse antonymy反向反义第86页Gradable antonymy等级反义等级反义n nyoung-middle-aged-oldn nbig-middle-sized-smalln ngood-average-bad第87页 Complementary antonymy互补反互补反义义n nalive:deadn nmale:femalen npresent:absentn ninnocent:guiltyn nodd:evenn npass:failn nboy:girln nhit:miss第88页 Converse antonymy反向反义反向反义 n nbuy:selln nlend:borrown ngive:receiven nparent:childn nhusband:wifen nteacher:studentn nabove:belown nbefore:aftern nhost:guestn nemployer:employee第89页 Hyponymy 上下义关系上下义关系n nHyponymy上下义上下义:refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word.n nSuperordinate/hypernym上义词上义词:the more general termn nHyponym下义词下义词:the more specific term第90页n n举例举例:n nhypernym上义词上义词:animaln n Hyponym下义词下义词:bird,fish,tiger,catn n怎样记忆怎样记忆:n nhyper-向上向上 hype 炒作炒作n n hypo-向下向下 hypothesis 假设假设第91页 Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant .第92页Polysemy 一词多义一词多义n nPolysemy:the same one word has more than one meaning.Such a word is called polysemic word.n n举例:n nFish:n n1.鱼n n2.鱼肉n n3.水生动物n n4.打鱼n n5.寻找第93页n nHomonymy同音/同形异义词:words having different meanings have the same form,different words are identical in sound or spelling,or in both.n nIdentical in sound:homophones 同音词n nIdentical in spelling:homograph 同形词n nIdentical in both:complete homonyms 同音同形词第94页n nhomophones 同音词：n n举例:knight and night,piece and peace n nhomograph 同形词n n举例:tear(v)and tear(n),lead(v)and lead(n)n ncomplete homonyms 同音同形词:fast(adj)and fast(n)第95页