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代词
代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词可分为下列八类：
一、人称代词( Personal Pronouns ) we , I , you , they, us, me, etc.
二、物主代词( Possessive Pronouns ) our, my ,your, their, his, her, etc.
三、反身代词(Reflective Pronouns) ourselves, myself, yourselves, yourself , herself , etc.
四、相互代词( Reciprocal Pronouns ) each other ,one another , etc.
五、指示代词( Demonstrative Pronouns ) this , that , these , those , such , etc.
六、疑问代词( Interrogative Pronouns ) what, when, who, where, whose, etc.
七、关系代词( Relative Pronouns) what, when, who, where, whose , etc.
八、不定代词( Indefinite Pronouns ) any , some ,every , many , much , a little , etc.
我们对代词是很熟悉的，因此我不打算逐个地介绍每一类代词；我只想较具体地说明几个在使用代词时应注意的问题。
（一）指代必须准确无误
我们知道代词是用来指代人或事物的词，那么如果在使用代词时指代不清楚，就会引起他人的误解、费解、甚至不理解.例如：
While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Marry was afraid that some of it might spill on her new skirt. 当玛莉从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时，她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙子上。
（二）关于人称代词、反身代词、物主代词在使用这三类代词时，我们要注意它们在句中的人称、单复数、及性和格的一致性。
（三）反身代词的作用
反身代词在句子中可作宾语：当它作动词宾语时，动作的执行者与承受者往往是同一个人或同一件事物；当它作介词by的宾语时，则表示强调。例：
The prisoner killed himself by taking poison. 犯人服毒自杀了。
He finished the work by himself. 他独自完成了那件工作。
反身代词在句子中也可作同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气,强调某人亲自、
本人；这时它可能在名词、代词之后，也可能在句子末尾。例：
The students will clean the classroom themselves. 学生们将自己打扫教室。
I myself heard him say it . 我亲耳听他说的。
（四）物主代词
形容词性物主代词只能作定语，例：
My brother often does his homework in his room. 我的弟弟常在他房间里做作业。
The newly-built house is our laboratory. 那幢新建的房子是我们的实验室。
Anything has its character individually. 任何事物都有其各自的特征。
名词性物主代词则可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。它的意义= 形容词性物
主代词+名词；或者说它相当于名词。例：
His dictionary is English-Chinese, but mine is English-English. 他的词典是英汉的，我的是全英的。
We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history. 我们一人买了一本书。你的是关于管理的，我的是关于美国历史的。
(五)不定代词
英文中主要有这样一些不定代词：every, each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, 另外还有由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词，如：somebody, anything, nothing等。
1) both , either 和neither
这三个词都可以用来指两个人或两件事物，但各自的意义都不相同：both表示"两个都"、either表示"两个中的任何一个"、 neither表示"两者都不……" 。它们在句中都分别可以作主语、宾语和定语，both还可以作同位语。
2) all
在谈到两个以上的人或事物时，或是不可数的事物时，我们都可以用all ；它在句中可以充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，all指不可数的事物时还可以作表语；有时还可作副词用，例如：
This is all he knew about it. （作表语）
这就是他了解有关这件事的一切。
They were all covered with dust. （作副词）他们身上尽是尘土。
Her clothes were all wet.（作副词）她的衣服全湿了。
all 还可以用在一些词组中，如：
all day (整天) all night (整夜) all this(所有这些)
all the year round (整年) all day long (一天到晚) all the time (一直)
3) each 和 every
each和every 这两个词在中文里都有"每一个"的意思，但它们在句子里各自强调的侧重点却不同：every 从每一个个体着眼而强调"整体"；而each却是把一些东西一个一个地加以考虑，强调"各个" 。every只能作定语；each则可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，every可用于[ every other (或every +数词 ) + 名词 ]的结构中，表示"每隔……"之意思：
every other day 每隔一天 every three years 每隔三年
every third year 每隔三年 every other line 每隔一行
every ten miles每隔十哩
4) one
作不定代词时有复数形式ones ，代替前面刚提到的人或事物以避免重复，还可以有自己的定语或冠词；另外还可以用来泛指人，例如：
This problem is a difficult one. 这个问题是个不好解决的问题。
I don't like colored envelopes. I like white ones. 我不喜欢花信封，我喜欢白的。
This film is not as good as the one we saw last week .这片子没有我们上周看的好。
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.（泛指）谦虚使人进步， 骄傲使人落后。
5）some 与any
some 与any都相当于"一些"之意，但意思并不强，因此汉译时常可省去"一些"这样的字眼。它们作定语时多，这时候some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。在表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some而不用any 。另外，some可与数词连用，表示"大约"的意思。如：
Could you mind buying me some envelopes on your way to school? 你能在去上学的路上，帮我买几个信封吗？
Will you give me some paper? 请给我一点纸。
Some hundred teachers have moved into new houses. 约有百位教师搬进了新居。
The bridge was built some two hundred years ago. 这座桥大约建于两百年前。
6）few, a few ; little, a little 的用法
few和 a few以及 little和 a little 是两组差异相同词，但前一组用于可数名词，而后一组却用于不可数名词；另外few 与little都有"几乎没有"的否定意思，few用于可数名词，little用于不可数名词；a few与 a little 表示"几个或一点"的肯定意思，a few用于可数名词a little用于不可数名词。
六) 其它
1) one…the other 与some…others ; 这是两组常一起连用的代词短语，指两者之间；前者用于单数，后者用于复数。如：
She has two children. One is a boy; the other is a girl. 她有两个孩子：一个男孩，一个女孩。
They have different ideas about how to spend their weekend. Some think that it is good to have a party. Others prefer to have an outing. 他们对怎么过周末想法不同，有些认为以聚会为好，其他人却要去郊游。
另外, another一词泛指"另一个；又一个"，不限制于两者之间。例如：
I think that it is impossible for me to visit another city this time. 我看，我这次是不可能再去观光别的地方了。
He is another friend of mine who I got to know in New Zealand. 他是我在新西兰结识另一个朋友。
2）no与none ,
这两个词都表示否定意义：no = not any 意在强调"连一个、一点都不"，它只能作形容词，一般与名词连用；而none则相当于名词，可独立在句中充当成分，也可与介词短语连用--表示在某一范围内"任何一个也不"。
3）关于合成不定代词
常用的合成不定代词有以下几组：
something某物,某事, somebody某人, someone 某人;
anything任何事物, anybody任何人, anyone任何人 ；
everything一切事/物，everybody每个人，everyone每个人；
nothing无事、无物，no one没有人，nobody无人
使用合成不定代词时应注意下面几点：
A) 当它们用作主语时应看作单数。
B) 它们只能作名词，不能看作形容词而充当定语。
C) 如果它们带有修饰语，修饰语只能放在它们的后面。
语法系列 第三节 代 词
代词：包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词及其用法。
一、人称代词
人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾语。英语中有下列人称代词：
在并列的主语或宾语中，I或me 通常放在后面。如：
Liping and I are in charge of the work.
My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow.
二、物主代词
物主代词有形容词型与名词型之分。形容词型物主代词在句子中作定语，名词型物主代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语（接在of 后面）。英语中有下列物主代词：
名词型的物主代词相当于形容词型的物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如：My bag is yellow, his(his bag) is black and theirs(their bags) are brown.
三、反身代词
英语中有下列反身代词：
反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如：
Please help yourself to some tea.(宾语)
The boy is too young to look after himself.(宾语)
I'll be myself again in no time.(表语)
The desk itself is not so heavy. (同位语)
I fixed the door myself. (同位语)
四、指示代词
指示代词包括this, that, these, those 和such, 在句子中可以作主语、定语、表语、宾语等（such不作宾语）。
that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。用the one 的时候更多一些。如：
These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 生产
The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year. 产量
The best wine is that from France.
My room is lighter than the one next door.
I'll take the seat next to the one by the window.
The film is more funny than that one.
that 可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。如：
They have no time to read the books. That's their trouble.
She was ill yesterday. That's why she was absent.
I want to know this: How much money we have left?
What I want to say is this: Pronunciation is very important in learning English.
this 和that 有时还可以用来表示程度。如：
I don't want that much.
He is not that wise.
The book is about this thick.
五.疑问代词
疑问代词包括what, which, who, whom, whose, 可以用来构成特殊疑问句，也可以引导名词从句。 What, which, who在句子中作主语或宾语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。如：
Who is speaking? (主语)
Which do you prefer, the yellow one or the white one? (宾语)
What's your sister?(表语)
The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer.(引导定从句)
The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department. (引导定从句)
This is the plane which will fly to Wuhan this afternoon. (引导定从句)
I don't remember whom I have lent my dictionary to. (引导宾语从句)
疑问代词what, which, who, whom后面可以加ever来加重语气。如：
Whoever can be calling at this time of the night ?谁这么深更半夜来找人？
I'll say whatever comes into my head.
Take whichever book you like.
六.不定代词
不定代词包括both, either, neither, all, none, no, one, each, every, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, some, any, other, another, 以及some, any, no, every构成的合成代词。
（一）both, either, neither
both 表示"两者（都）"，either表示"（两者之中）任何一个"，neither表示"（两者之中）没有一个"。三个词在句子中都可以作主语、宾语、定语，both还可以作同位语。
My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play.(be good at 擅长做某事)
Neither of the answers is right.
Either of the books belongs to you.
You and I are both to blame.
You both agreed to stay.
Both 放在实意动词前，系动词be 的后面。
（二）all, none, no, one
all和none用于三者以上的场合，分别表示"全部都"和"一个都没有"，none往往与of连用。
All of us are fond of sports.(be fond of 爱好)
We are all for him.(be for sb 支持某人)
Grasp all, lose all. 什么都抓，什么都抓不住。（谚）
None of them know how to read and write.
A friend to all is a friend to none. 滥交者无友。（谚）
None of us are perfect.
None of them has had that kind of experience.
no表示"没有"，在句子中只能作定语，相当于not a 或not any，not否定动词，no否定名词。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。（谚）
No man is born wise. 没有人是生来聪明的。（谚）
I'm no dancer. (I'm not a dancer.)
one 指代上文提到的人或物，前面可以加定冠词，可以有自己的定语，还可以有复数形式。
Your answer is a good one.
I don't like coloured envelopes. I like white ones.
I haven't got a raincoat. I'll have to buy one.
each 和every表示"每一个"，every 在句子中只能作定语，each 可以作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。 The headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher.(shake hands with 握手)
The students try to set aside a little money each month.(set aside 节约)
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs(work).各尽所能，按需分配。
I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well.
There is every possibility of our winning the game.
every 还常用在every little while (每隔一会)，every other day, every three days（每隔两天），every ten miles(每隔十英里), every now and then (不时)，every four years, every other line, one out of every three students.
（四）few, a few, little, a little, many, much
few, a few, many 修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little, much修饰或指代不可数名词。few, little表示否定，a few, a little表示肯定，much常用于否定句中。
Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。（谚）
Few words are best. 话少最好。（谚）
They don’t take much interest in it.
I know little about it.
There’s a little water left in the jar.
Few of them have been to India.
I’ve read a few books written by Dickens.
（五）other, the other, others, the others, another
泛指
特指
充当名词单数
充当名词复数
充当形容词
other
√
√
the other
√
√（表示两者当中的另外一个）
√
others
√
√
the others
√
√
another
√
√
√
Forty people came to the meeting. Two of them were from Japan, the others from America.
Many people came to attend the meeting. Some were from Japan, others were from America.
The United States, unlike many other countries, receives a large number of immigrants every year from all over the world.
The twin sisters are so alike that we find it difficult to tell one from the other.(so……that 如此以至于 tell sb. from 区分)
Some students are watering the flowers, others are weeding除草 the fields.
The task will be finished in another three days.
Four of them are in the classroom. What about the others?
Please give me another example to illustrate举例证明 your point.
There are three apples on the table. One is for my mother, another is for my father and the third is for me.
七、it的用法
1.指代一个人或事物。
It's only a fifteen-minute ride骑车 to my school.
It often rains in the south of China.
"Who's that?" "It's Liming."
It's early spring.
2．作句子的形式主语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
It took me five minutes to finish reading the exercise.
It cost me five yuan to buy the pen.
The color TV set costs me more than 2,000 yuan.
I spent ten hours in finishing the work.
I spent twenty yuan on the shirt.
It is no use crying now. You'd better study hard now.(it is no use doing sth. )
To his surprise, it turned out that Tom failed the entrance examination.(to one's surprise 使某人感到惊奇)
It's a pity that you didn't watch the match.
It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.
3．作句子的形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
They all regard it their duty to help the poor people.
I don't think it worthwhile taking so much trouble.(It's worthwhile doing. 做……事是值得的)
We find it difficult to learn English without practicing.
I think it no use telling them.
I don't think it very important that we should take part in the discussion.(take part in 参加)
He feels it his duty to help others.
4．构成强调句型。当强调的部分是主语，并且主语是人时，句型中的that 也可以换作who。
强调句基本构成 it is that…
It is in the room that we met each other for the first time.
It was not until 1936 that basketball became a part of the Olympic Games.(not until 直到……才)
It was they who attended the meeting last week.
It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it.
考试重点
that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。that 可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。
不定代词中，both 放在实意动词前，系动词be 的后面。every只能跟名词，each可以跟名词也可以不跟名词。every在代词部分要出现当每隔……讲。
few, a few, many 修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little, much修饰或指代不可数名词。few, little表示否定。
one...the other，some...others，some...the others
it用法重点就是强调句。it作为形式宾语时不接is。
代词部分的难点之一是名词型物主代词与形容词型物主代词的区别。顾名思义，形容词型物主代词起的是形容词的作用，在句子中只能作定语，名词型物主代词起的是名词的作用，代替上文出现的名词，在句子中一般作主语、宾语、表语等。
Let's clean their room first and ______ later.
A. our B. us C. we D. ours (答案为D，ours 相当于our room)
代词部分的主要考核点是不定代词。如some, any, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, one, none,all,both,either, neither, each, every, other, another, 以及some, any, no, every 与body, one, thing 构成的合成代词。
（1）泛指与特指。如：another, other, others 是泛指，the other, the others是特指。
（2）肯定与否定。如：a few, a little, either, some 及其合成代词表示肯定，few, little, none, neither, any 及其合成代词表示否定。
（3）可数与不可数。如：few, a few, many, one 修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little, much修饰或指代不可数名词。
代词部分的另一个考核点是it。
it 可以代替上文出现的单数事物。
The picture was changed while drawn from memory as it passed through the class. (it 指代the picture。)
it takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事
It takes half an hour or so to walk to the bus stop.
He made it plain that he was annoyed with me.
it 还可以构成强调句型，即"It is / was +被强调的部分+ that …"。当强调的部分是人，并且是主语时，that可以换成who。强调句去掉it is / was 与that即成为普通的句子。
It was last night that I saw you in the restaurant.
It was she who / that suggested that he go to New York in order to get a. direct flight
典型例题
1. "How often do you take the medicine ?"
"______ four hours."
A. For B. Any C. Every D.Each 答案 C
2. "Is this bike yours?"
"No, it's ______."
A. Bob B. Bobs C. Bob's D. Bobs' 答案 C
3. "Is there ______ good on TV this evening?"
"Sorry, nothing good. "
A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything
肯定句中用something，否定句和疑问句anything。 答案 C
4. You have a good suggestion, but it's not as practical as _______.
A. he B. him C. his D.her 答案 C
5. A chemist prepares his experiments carefully before trying to carry _____ in his lab.
A. it out B. out it C. them out D. out them
carry out 实施 宾格放在词组中间，名词放在词组后面。如，carry out his experiments 答案 C
6. Nowadays _____ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls. That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim(苗条).
A. everyone B. anybody C. somebody D. no one
enjoy doing sth. anybody在疑问句和否定句中指没有人，在肯定句中指任何人。 答案 D
7. You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because there's hardly _____ left.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
hardly 否定词，几乎不的意思。 答案 A
8. He felt bad because he had drunk too _____ the night before.
A. many B. much C. few D. little
本题主要考查可数名词和不可数名词。drink too much 喝多了；too much wine 太多的酒 答案 B
9. She promised her parents to write _______ while she was away.
A. other day B. another day C. every other day D.any other day
every other 每隔……
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