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新概念英语第二册第八课.doc

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(完整版)新概念英语第二册第八课 Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的 Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's。 Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool。 I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town! New words and expressions 生词和短语 competition n。 比赛,竞赛 neat adj. 整齐的,整洁的 path n. 小路,小径 wooden adj。 木头的 pool [pu:l] n. 水池 参考译文 乔。桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。几乎每个人都参加每年举办的“最佳花园竞赛”,而每次都是乔获胜.比尔.弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大,他比乔也更为勤奋,种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多,但乔的花园更富有情趣。他修筑了一条条整洁的小路,并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。我也喜欢花园,但我却不愿意辛勤劳动。每年的花园竞赛我也参加,但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖! 1。 Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. 乔.桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。 2。 Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. 几乎每个人都参加每年举办的“最佳花园竞赛”,而每次都是乔获胜. (1) nearly和almost意义相似,表示“几乎”、“差不多"、“差点儿"的意思: nearly adv. [ ˈniəli] almost; not quite; not completely几乎;差不多;将近 e.g。 我快准备好了.I'm nearly/almost ready。 我差点把他的名字忘了.I have nearly forgotten his name. (forget : forgot [fəˈɡɔt];forgotten[fəˈɡɔtn]) 他差点没赶上火车。He nearly missed the train. 她将近五十岁了。She is nearly fifty now。 IDM: not nearly much less than; not at all远非;绝不是 e.g。 (1) 天气绝没有去年那么热。It's not nearly as hot as last year。 (2) 现在根本没有足够的时间赶到那儿。There isn’t nearly enough time to get there now. (2) each和every均可译为“每一个",二者常常可以互相代替使用: e。g。 每次我擦洗汽车,天总是下雨。Every/Each time I wash the car it rains. 但是each更强调个体。它常用以指一个确定的并通常是有限的数目: e。g。 学校里的每个孩子都被询问过了。Each child in the school was questioned. every却不那么强调个体,常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目: e。g。 所有的/每个孩子都喜欢过圣诞节。Every child enjoys Christmas。 另外,each既可以作形容词又可以作代词,但every只能作形容词: e。g。 他们每人都有一份。They each have a share。 我们每个人都有自己的工作要干。Each of us has his own work to do. (share v。 1。 ~(sth)(with sb.)共有;合用 2. ~(sth)(with sb。)分享;共享 n. [c] ~(of/in sth)(在若干人之间分得的) 一份2。 [c]~(in sth)股份) each/every (1) each 用于单数名词前,后接单数动词。 e.g。 每个学生都得到一个自己的电子邮件地址。 Each student has been given his or her own e—mail address。 有时候his or her 听起来有点正式,故日渐普遍使用复数代词their Each student has been given their own e-mail address。 (2) each用于复数主语后,谓语动词用复数. e.g。 他们每个人都有自己的电子邮件地址。They each have their own e-mail address。 every后总是接单数动词. e。g。 班上每个同学都应该能够通过这次考试。 Every student in the class is capable of passing the exam。 (3) each of、each one of与every one of后接复数名词或代词,但谓语动词通常用单数。 e.g。 每座房子都稍有不同。Each (one) of the houses was slightly different. 我买了一打鸡蛋,个个都是坏的。I bought a dozen eggs and every one of them was bad。 用复数动词则较口语化. (3) enter (1) vt., vi. (not usually used in the passive 通常不用于被动语态)(formal)to come or go into sth。进来;进去;进入: e.g。 vt。 乔悄悄地走进了房间.Joe entered the room quietly。 vi.进入前要先敲门。Always knock on the door before you enter。 (2) vt. [no passive] to become a member of an institution; to start working in an organization or a profession成为…的一员;加入;开始从事: e。g. 考入学校/学院/大学 to enter a school/college/university 进入政界;开始从事法律工作 to enter politics/the legal profession (3) vt. to begin or become involved in an activity, a situation, etc.开始参加;开始进入;着手进行 e。g。 建立关系 to enter a relationship 我们已达成一项协议.We've entered into an agreement. 他很快便加入了他们的谈话.He soon entered their conversation. 有几家新公司已打入市场。Several new firms have now entered the market. 调查已进入新阶段。The investigation has entered a new phase. (phase [feiz] n. a stage in a process of change or development 阶段;时期) (4)~(for sth)/~sb。(in/for sth.) to put your name on the list for an exam, a race, a competition, etc。; to do this for sb。 报名参加;为…报名参加(各种竞赛,考试等活动) e.g。 她报名参加数学竞赛。She entered (her name/ herself) for the mathematics competition. 他让儿子参加英语考试.He entered his son for the English examination. (4) competition [ˌkɔmpəˈtiʃən] 1. [U](~ between / with sb.) /~(for sth。) 竞争,角逐 e.g. 我们在与其他四家公司竞争这项合同。 We are in competition with four other companies for the contract。 (contract [ˈkɑnˌtrækt] ~(with sb.)/(between A and B)/~(for sth/ to do sth) 合同;合约;契约 v. [kənˈtrækt] 1。 (使) 收缩,缩小 2. ~sb. (to sth。) 与…订立合同(或契约) e.g。 他与财务部门签订了合同。He has been contracted to the finance department. ) 2。 比赛,竞赛 [C] e.g。 游泳比赛 a swimming competition 参加/赢得/输掉比赛 to enter for/win/lose a competition 3。 (the competition)竞争者;对手 compete [kəmˈpi:t] v。 1。~(with/against sb.)(for sth。)竞争;对抗 e。g。几家公司正在为得到那项合同而竞争。Several companies are competing for the contract. 我们在价格上无法与他们竞争。We can’t compete with them on price. 2。 vi. ~(in sth)(against sb.) to take part in a contest or game参加比赛(或竞赛) e。g。 他期盼着参加伦敦马拉松比赛.He’s hoping to compete in the London marathon. (marathon [ˈmærəθən] n。 马拉松赛跑(距离约42公里,合26英里) competitive [kəmˈpetitiv] adj. 1。竞争的 e.g. 竞技性的比赛/体育运动 competitive games/sports 2. ~(with sb。/sth。)as good as or better than others (与…) 一样好的;(比…)更好的;有竞争力的 e.g。 我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力。 We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies。 competitor [kəmˈpetɪtə] n。 [c] 1。 (尤指商业方面的)竞争者,对手2.参赛者;竞赛者 (5) win [win] (过去式:won[wʌn]过去分词:won 现在分词: winning第三人称单数:wins ) 1. vi。 vt。(在比赛、赛跑、战斗等中)获胜,赢 e.g. vi. 哪个队赢了?Which team won? vt。 赢得选举/比赛/战争 to win an election/a game/a war 2. vt. ~sth(from sb.) (在比赛、赛跑、选举等中)赢得,夺取,获得,挣得: e。g。 英国夺取了5块金牌。Britain won five gold medals. (medal[ˈmedəl] n。奖章, 奖牌;勋章;纪念章;证章 ) 你赢得了一次纽约之旅。You've won yourself a trip to New York。 3。 vt。 to achieve or get sth。 that you want , especially by your own efforts(尤指通过自己的努力)取得;获得 e。g. 他们正在努力争取人们支持他们的建议。They are trying to win support for their proposals。 n. a victory in a game, contest, etc. (比赛、竞赛等中的)胜利,赢 e。g. 两胜三负 two wins and three defeats 3。 Bill Frith’s garden is larger than Joe's. 比尔。弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大。 名词加-’s表示所属关系,构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西,特别是人.所有格的语法作用相当于形容词,限定后面的名词.这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略,只要不引起误解: e。g。 这是玛丽的男朋友,不是简的。This is Mary's boyfriend, not Jane’s。 我的钢笔丢了。这支是我兄弟的。My pen is lost. This one is my brother’s. 约翰的书法比玛丽的和凯瑟琳的都要好. John’s handwriting is better than Mary's and Catherine's。 4。 Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting。 比尔比乔也更为勤奋,种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多,但乔的花园更富有情趣。 grow[grəu] v. (grew[gru:], grown[grəun]) 1。vi。, vt。 to exist and develop in a particular place; to make plants grow(使)生长,发育 e.g. vi。 这地区干燥得草木不生。The region is too dry for plants to grow。 (region n。 1。[c] (通常界限不明的)地区,区域,地方 e.g. 热带地区:the tropical regions 2. [c] 行政区) vt. 我本来不知道法国也种稻子。I didn't know they grew rice in France. 2. ~(in sth。) to increase in size, number, strength or quality 扩大;增加;增强 e.g. vi。 去年公司的利润增加了5%。The company profits grew by 5% last year. 这家人最近添丁进口了.The family has grown in size recently. 3。 to become bigger or taller and develop into an adult长大;长高;发育;成长 e。g。 vi。 自从我上次见到你后,你又见长了! You’ve grown since the last time I saw you! 4. (linking verb) to begin to have a particular quality or feeling over a period of time 逐渐变得;逐渐成为 e.g。 时间长了,他越来越没有耐心。As time went on he grew more and more impatient. 5。 He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool。 他修筑了一条条整洁的小路,并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。 (1)make 和 build在这里是同义词,都可以解释为“修建”、“建造”.与汉语的写作习惯一样,用英语写作时同一段文字中尤其是在同一句话中应尽量避免使用重复的词,以使文章显得生动(特殊的修辞手法例外)。 make 和 build之间的区别主要是:make的词义比较笼统、广泛,可以解释为“做”“作出”、“制造”等,而build的意义主要限于建筑业,指“建造”、“建设"、“盖房子”、“修筑(桥梁等)”: e.g. 他们盖了一座新房子。They have built a new house。 他们沿这条河筑了一条路.They have made a road along the river。 这裙子是你自己做的吗?Have you made the skirt by yourself? (2) neat [ni:t] (neater, neatest) 1。 tidy and in order; carefully done or arranged 整洁的;整齐的;有序的 e.g. 整洁的课桌 a neat desk 工整的笔迹 neat handwriting 一排排整齐的书 neat rows[rəu] of books 2。 (of people人) 有条理的;爱整洁的 3. small, with a pleasing shape or appearance小巧优雅的 e。g. 她那娇小玲珑的身材 her neat figure 4. simple but clever 简洁的;睿智的;灵巧的 e。g。 简明的解释;奇妙的想法;诀窍 a neat explanation[,eksplə’neiʃən]/idea/trick 解决这个问题的捷径 a neat solution to the problem adv。 neatly (3) path [pa:θ] n。 (also pathway) 1。 a way or track that is built or is made by the action of people walking 小路;小径 (track: [træk]n. 1.[c] (人踩出的)小道,小径2。 [c, usually pl。](人、动物或车辆留下的)足迹,踪迹;车辙 3. [c, u] 轨道 4。 [c] (赛跑、赛车等的)跑道) e。g. 花园小径 the garden path 沿着这条小路穿过树林。Follow the path through the woods。 沿小径前行 to walk along a path 2. a line along which sb。/sth. moves, the space in front of sb./sth. as they move 路线;道路 e。g. 三个男人挡住了她的去路。Three men blocked her path. (block vt. 1. 堵塞;阻塞 e.g。 今天下过大雪,很多道路仍然堵塞。After today’s heavy snow, many roads are still blocked。 2。 ~sb’s way, exit, view, etc. 堵住(某人的路等);挡住(某人的视线等) (exit [ˈeksit] n.出口,通道;退场;退去,退出;死亡vi。离开;退出;退场;去世) e.g. 三个男人挡住了她的去路。Three men blocked her path。 n。 1. [c] (方形平面)大块;立方体2。 [c] 四面临街的一方块楼群;街区) 3. a plan of action or a way of achieving sth行动计划;成功的途径 e。g。 通向自由/成功/胜利的道路 the path to freedom/success/victory (4) wooden [ˈwudn] adj。 1. [usually before noun] made of wood 木制的;木头的 e.g。 木箱 a wooden box 2。 not showing enough natural expression, emotion or movement 木头似的;死板的;呆板的;木讷的 e。g. 饰演父亲的演员太呆板。The actor playing the father was too wooden. adv。 woodenly 6。 I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. 我也喜欢花园,但我却不愿意辛勤劳动。 7。 Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town! 每年的花园竞赛我也参加,但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖! (1) prize n。 1。(for) 奖;奖励;奖品,奖赏,奖金 e.g。 那些男孩子为赢得奖品而互相竞争。 The boys competed with each other for the prize. 她获颁诺贝尔和平奖.She was awarded the Nobel [nəʊˈbel] Peace prize. (award [əˈwɔ:d]n. 1. [c] ~(for sth)(常用于奖项名称)奖;奖品;奖金;奖状 2. [c] (收入的)增加3。 [c] (BrE) 奖学金;助学金v。 ~(sb.) sth/~sth (to sb。)) 授予;奖励;判给) 2. something very important or valuable that is difficult to achieve or obtain难能可贵的事物;难以争取的重要事物 e.g. 世界和平是最可贵的珍宝。World peace is the greatest prize of all。 adj. [only before noun] 1。 (especially of an animal, a flower or a vegetable尤指动物、花或蔬菜)good enough to win a prize in a competition 好的足以得奖的;应获奖的 e.g。 能获奖的牛 prize cattle 2。 being a very good example of its kind 优秀的;典范性的;出类拔萃的 e.g. 模范小学生/学生 a prize pupil/student 优秀典型 a prize example (informal) 他是个十足的傻瓜。He’s a prize idiot. [ˈidiət] (=very silly) Vt.[usually passive] ~sth (for sth) to value sth. highly珍视;珍爱;高度重视 synonym: treasure (treasure [ˈtreʒə] n。 1. [u] 金银财宝;珠宝;财富 2。 [c, usually pl。]极贵重的物品;珍宝;宝物;珍品 vt. 珍视;珍爱;珍重;珍藏) e。g。 他把我的友谊看得比其他什么更宝贵。He prized my friendship above everything else。 prized [praizd] adj. [only before noun] very valuable to sb。珍贵的,宝贵的 e。g. 大火吞噬了我的一些最珍贵的物品。 I lost some of my most prized possessions in the fire。 这男孩子把他的自行车看作最宝贵的财产。 The boy’s bicycle was his most prized possession. (2) for the worst garden in the town 是介词短语作定语,修饰prize. Grammar in use 1。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 在英语中形容词和副词一般可以有比较级和最高级。比较级相当于汉语中“比…更…”这种句型,最高级则表示在某个范围“最…”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the,并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。 (1) 比较级和最高级的构成 单音节词和少数双音节词(除以辅音+ —y结尾的词)在词尾加-er, —est, 以辅音+ —y 结尾的词要先将—y变成-i,再在词尾加上—er, —est: e。g。 hard-harder—hardest small-smaller—smallest young—younger-youngest clean-cleaner—cleanest busy-busier—busiest 以-e结尾的词加—r和—st: e。g. large—larger-largest nice-nicer—nicest 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母,然后再加-er, -est: e。g. big—bigger—biggest thin—thinner-thinnest 有一些双音节词在构成比较级和最高级形式时,既可以在单词结尾处加-er和-est,也可与more/less和most/least连用.如narrow, clever, common, pleasant等。但如无把握时,双音节词用more和most则较为可靠。两个音节以上的单词如下: e。g. interesting-more interesting—most interesting 有些形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成并不规则: e。g. good/well-better—best bad/ill-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less—least old-older/elder-oldest/eldest far-farther/further—farthest/furthest (2) 在使用比较级时,如果需要把所比较的两项都提到,那么就必须在比较级后用than: e.g。 我比你了解他.I know him better than you do. 简的头发比玛丽的黑。Jane’s hair is darker than Mary’s。 我的房间比隔壁房间干净。My room is cleaner than the one next door. 如果比较级之所指很清楚,它可独立存在: e。g. —你喜欢哪一所房子? Which house do you prefer? -我喜欢那所老一点的。I prefer the older one. (3) 最高级的限定范围一般用of, among, in等介词短语: e.g. 这三个兄弟中约翰个子最高。John is the tallest of the three brothers. 这是十年来最冷的一天。This is the coldest day in ten years. 限定范围也可以是从句: e.g. 玛丽是我所遇到的最聪明的人.Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met. 如果范围很清楚,则可以省略: e.g。 四月是最好的季节。(暗含范围“一年中”) April [ˈeiprəl] is the best season。 他总是最优秀的。(暗含范围“在我们当中") He is always the best。 2. every 构成的合成词 every和one, body, thing 可以构成复合不定代词everyone, everybody和everything。 它们一般都写成一个词。everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用,后面的代词既可以用单数,也可以用复数,但它们本身均被视为单数: e.g. 每一个人都知道自己必须做什么。Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do。 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do。 一切都很顺利.Everything is going well。 与every一样可以构成这类合成词的单词还有some, any和no. 6
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