从语篇衔接和连贯看英语商务文本的汉译--毕业论文.doc

Acknowledgements
I am greatly honored to have this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all those who have offered me their considerate help and continuous encouragement throughout these two years. I will inevitably miss all of the wonderful tutors and friends.
First and foremost, I want to express my heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Prof. Zuo Biao, my supervisor. It has been a great privilege and joy to work under his guidance and with his encouragement. I thank him for opening my eyes to the wonders of two of the most precious gifts we have: the human mind and the ability to share what is in it with others. My research has brought home to me in a new way the truth that we are wonderfully made.
I thank Prof. Han Zhonghua for his encouragement and for his comments on the dissertation which underlies this dissertation. I thank Prof. Zheng Lixin, Prof. Wang Dawei Associate Prof. Yuan Yongfang, Associate Prof. Shi Dongqin the staff and fellow-students in the College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Maritime University as well as other colleagues for their feedback on my research.
In the meantime, I wish to express my gratitude to the persons that relieved me of other chores, so that I could devote my time entirely to the completion of this dissertation. I also want to express my gratitude for the financial help I received from my relatives and my former classmates.
Last but not least, a very special thank goes to my wife Yin Naimin and my son Liu Xianyu for supporting a husband and father whose mind was not always free to give them the attention they needed. It is my pleasure to dedicate this dissertation to them.

毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明

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指导教师评价：
一、撰写（设计）过程
1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
二、论文（设计）质量
1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
三、论文（设计）水平
1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
建议成绩：□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
（在所选等级前的□内画“√”）
指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）
年 月 日

评阅教师评阅书

评阅教师评价：
一、论文（设计）质量
1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
二、论文（设计）水平
1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格

建议成绩：□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
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1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况
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2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况
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3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
二、论文（设计）质量
1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
三、论文（设计）水平
1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平
□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
评定成绩：□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格
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摘 要
本文《从语篇衔接和连贯看英语商务文本的汉译》在前人研究的基础上，利用语篇衔接理论的部分研究成果，并结合大量商务文本实例，从语篇衔接和连贯两个角度对英语商务文本汉译进行了广泛、深入的探讨。全文共分为五章。
第一章主要介绍了翻译以及商务文本翻译理论。包括翻译的定义、发展、历史和标准；商务文本翻译的类别、功能和现状等。第二章从词汇、句子和风格三个方面对英汉商务文本的特点进行了对比分析。
第三、第四、第五章是本文的主体。第三章主要介绍了语篇分析理论，是本文作者进行研究的理论基础。本章详细阐述了语篇、文本、语篇衔接和语篇连贯等概念，以及它们与商务文本翻译的联系。与此同时，本章也强调了语篇分析理论对提高商务文本翻译水平的重要意义。
第四章作者从语篇衔接角度出发，利用语法衔接和词汇衔接两个方面探讨商务文本翻译。本文作者对比分析了指代关系、省略关系、替代关系、连接关系、复现关系（重复、概括词、同（近）义词、上下义词）和同现关系（反义词、对比词、部分整体）与商务文本翻译的联系，从而帮助翻译工作者找到其中联系，提高翻译水平。
第五章从语篇连贯角度出发，利用局部连贯和整体连贯两个方面研究商务文本翻译。作者对比分析了原因、连接、评价、扩张、整体结构和思维模式与商务文本翻译的关系。
韩礼德和哈桑夫妇对语篇衔接理论进行了深入的探讨，但对语篇连贯研究较少，并且其有些语篇连贯见解尚有商榷之处。魏在江博士对语篇连贯也进行了探讨，但还不够深入。本文的成果在于作者运用大量的实例对语篇分析理论进行了研究。最后作者得出结论，语篇分析理论虽有待完善，但能够指导商务文本翻译活动顺利进行，提高翻译工作者的翻译水平。另外，本文作者虽在商务文本翻译的基础上对语篇衔接和连贯进行了有益的探讨，但还有待进一步深入和完善。
关键词：商务文本翻译， 语篇分析， 衔接， 连贯
ABSTRACT
This dissertation explores E-C business document translation from the perspectives of discourse cohesion and coherence. It consists of five chapters besides the preface, the conclusion, and the bibliography.
Chapter One briefly introduces translation and business document translation, including general theory of translation, such as definition, history, criteria of translation, and business document translation, such as categories, functions and present situation of business document translation. Chapter Two presents a general contrastive analysis of English and Chinese business documents at the lexical, syntactic and textual levels.
The next three chapters, that is, Chapter Three, Four and Five, are the principal part of this dissertation.
Discourse analysis theory is introduced in the third chapter, where discourse, text, business document translation, discourse cohesion and coherence are discussed in detail. And the author emphasizes the importance of textual components (cohesion and coherence) in business document translation. The author also points out a theory should be treated and developed based on translating practice, no matter how authoritative it is. Or no theory is perfect.
In Chapter Four, the author uses Halliday and Hasan’s (1976, 1985) framework, the description of cohesion in English, which as Brown and Yule (1983) say is “by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject”, to contrast E-C business documents translation. This chapter clarifies the view that cohesion in English and Chinese should be regarded as a key link of discourse structure in spite of their differences in specific forms.
In Chapter Five, the author discusses coherence phenomenon in business English documents. Coherence is one of the most important and the most complicated topics in discourse analysis. It has become one of the focal issues in discourse analysis in the recent two decades. Combined with examples, this chapter discusses the coherence in business document translation. By emphasizing the importance of clear coherence awareness in translation process, the author points out that Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics can provide a theoretical support and basis for translation to improve the business document translation.
On balance, the author has come to a conclusion through all the above analyses, argument and illustrations. All theories of translation have their respective strengths and weaknesses and they complement each other in guiding translating practice. As no specific theory so far is directly aimed at offering guidelines for the translation of business documents under discussion, it is necessary to view the task from some new perspectives based on existing theories concerning language, culture and translation. This dissertation is intended as an attempt to fill the gap between translation theories in general and business translating practice in particular.
Although the ideas presented in the dissertation may appear to be tentative and immature, yet it approaches the topic of business document translating from a new angle, i.e. the angle of discourse analysis, and may hopefully contribute to the improvement of business document translation.

KEYWORDS: business document translation, discourse analysis, cohesion, coherence

Contents
Acknowledgements I
摘 要 II
ABSTRACT Ⅲ
Contents V
Preface 1
0.1. The object of this research 1
0.2. Literature review 1
0.3. An overview of the dissertation 2
Chapter One Business Document Translation 3
1.1. Translation in general 3
1.1.1. What is translation? 4
1.1.2. A general review of translation 5
1.1.2.1. Bible and other translation until c.1530 5
1.1.2.2. From the Luther Reformation to the French Revolution: c.1530-1790 5
1.1.2.3. From the French Revolution to the Second World War: 1789-1940 6
1.1.2.4. Decolonization and the Cold War: 1945-c.1970 6
1.1.2.5. The expansion of the European Union to the end of the Cold War: c.1970-c: 1990 7
1.1.2.6. 1990 to the present day 7
1.1.3. Translation criteria 8
1.1.3.1. Some western views on translation criteria 8
1.1.3.2. Some Chinese views on translation criteria 10
1.2. Business document translation 11
1.2.1. Business document and its categories 12
1.2.2. Functions of business document translation 13
1.2.3. Present situation of business document translation 13
1.2.4. Criteria of business document translation 14
1.2.5. Importance of business document translation from the perspective of discourse cohesion and coherence 16
Summary 16
Chapter Two The Features of Business English Documents 17
2.1. Lexical features of business English documents 17
2.1.1. Archaisms 18
2.1.2. Loan words 19
2.1.2.1. Words of Latin origin 19
2.1.2.2. Words of French origin 20
2.1.3. Other formal words 21
2.1.4. Words used in coordination 22
2.1.5. Frequent use of modal verbs 23
2.1.5.1. “Shall” 23
2.1.5.2. “May” 24
2.1.5.3. “Must” 25
2.1.5.4 “Would” 26
2.2. Syntactic features of business English documents 26
2.2.1. Declarative-prominent sentences 27
2.2.2. Long & complex sentences 27
2.2.3 Full sentences 27
2.2.4. Direct and explicit expression dominance 28
2.2.5. Nominalization 29
2.3. Stylistic features of business English documents 29
2.3.1. Clearness & conciseness 30
2.3.2. Preciseness & rigorousness 31
2.3.3. Courtesy & consideration 31
Summary 32
Chapter Three Discourse Analysis and Business Document Translation 33
3.1. General view of discourse analysis 33
3.2. Discourse, text and business document translation 34
3.2.1. Discourse and text 35
3.2.2. The definitions of discourse and text 35
3.2.3. Text and business document translation 36
3.3. Discourse cohesion and coherence 37
3.3.1. Concepts about cohesion and coherence 37
3.3.2. Relationship between cohesion and coherence 38
3.4．Discourse cohesion and coherence and business document translation 39
3.5. The importance of discourse cohesion and coherence in business document translation 41
Summary 41
Chapter Four Discourse Cohesion in Business Document Translation 42
4.1. Categories of cohesion 42
4.2. Grammatical cohesion in business document translation 42
4.2.1. Reference in business document translation 43
4.2.1.1. Personal reference 45
4.2.1.2. Demonstrative reference 46
4.2.1.3. Comparative reference 47
4.2.2. Substitution in business document translation 48
4.2.2.1. Nominal substitute 48
4.2.2.2. Verbal substitute 49
4.2.2.3. Clausal substitute 49
4.2.3. Ellipsis in business document translation 50
4.2.4. Conjunction in business document translation 51
4.2.4.1. English conjunction 51
4.2.4.2. Chinese conjunction 52
4.3. Lexical cohesion in business document translation 53
4.3.1. Reiteration in business document translation 54
4.3.1.1. Repetition 54
4.3.1.2. Synonym & near-synonym 55
4.3.1.3. Hyponym 56
4.3.2. Collocation in business document translation 57
4.3.2.1. Antonyms 58
4.3.2.2. Oxymoron 59
4.3.2.3. Part-whole relation 59
Summary 60
Chapter Five Discourse Coherence in Business Document Translation 61
5.1. The importance of coherence 61
5.2. Functions of coherence 62
5.3. Categories of coherence 63
5.4. Local coherence and business document translation 63
5.4.1. Cause and business document translation 64
5.4.2. Evaluation and business document translation 64
5.4.3. Linkage and business document translation 65
5.4.4. Expansion and business document translation 66
5.4.4.1. Expansion in English 66
5.4.4.2. Expansion in Chinese 68
5.4.4.3. Examples of E-C business document translation 69
5.4.4.4. Summary 70
5.5. Global coherence and business document translation 71
5.5.1. Macrostructure and business document translation 72
5.5.1.1. Linear organization & circular organization 72
5.5.1.2. An example in E-C business document translation 73
5.5.2. Mental model and business document translation 75
5.5.2.1 Abstract thinking and concrete thinking 76
5.5.2.2. Examples in business document translation 76
Summary 78
Conclusion 79
Bibliography 80
Appendixes 83

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Preface
0.1. The object of this research
This dissertation has been one year in the writing. Sections of it have twice been written, hopefully better than the first one, which was published in Foreign Language Research Waiyu Xuekan [2008(7)：30-31].
The author feels that much contemporary academic theory has little to do with the practicalities of business document translation work. Therefore, in this thesis, the author makes preliminary study of business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherence at textual level, expecting to provoke interest in the subject with his own superficial observations and bring out further discussions and more valuable ideas on business document translation.
0.2. Literature review
Although translation is an old topic, the study of business document translation is a new field. So it is a new challenge to study business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherence. As discourse analysis is in the early age, it also has some fuzziness. Especially, the study of coherence is not further and complete. Here，the author points out there are no absolutes in business document translation. Everything is conditional, and any principle may be in opposition to another or at least there may be tension between them.
The balance in this dissertation is not necessarily superior to that of others, but I have done my best to avoid making it excessively theoretical by using exemplific