SAT语法第八章【标点符号】SATDoris.doc

SAT语法 第八章 标点符号Punctuation
第一单元 所有格
第二单元 逗号
第三单元 分号
第四单元 句号
第五单元 引号
第六单元 破折号
第七单元冒号
第八单元 括号
第一单元  所有格符号 Apostrophe
表明名词和不定代词的所有格。名词单数和一般名词复数加’s。以s 或z结尾的名词复数直接加’。不规则的名词复数加’。例如：
The boy’s mother 
Birds’ immigration
Douglas’s crimes
The Stevenses’ house
People’s opinions
Children’s laughter

第二单元 逗号 Comma
1. 与并列连接词连用，分开句子的主要成分。例如：
She knew very little about the new system, and he volunteered nothing.
The trial lasted for nine months, but he jury took only four hours to reach its verdict.
2.  用于分开主从复合句、同位语，插入语。例如：
Having agreed to disagree, they turned to other matters.
The report, after being read aloud, was put up for consideration.
3. 用于分开过渡词和词组，举例词和词组。例如：
Indeed, no one seemed to have heard of him.
They concluded, however, that it was meaningless.
Three have complied, namely, Togo, Benin, and Ghana.  
4. 用于一系列的列举。例如：
Men, women, and children crowded aboard the train.
Her job required her to pack quickly, to travel often, and to have no personal life.
5. 用于表示对比关系。例如：
This project will take six months, not six weeks.
6. 用于分开两个，或三个并列的形容词。例如：
in a calm, reflective manner
the harsh, damp, piercing  wind
7. 用于分开同位语。例如：
We visited Verdun, site of the famous battle.
Its author, Maria Olevsky, was an expert diver.
8. 用于分开原文和引用部分。如果引用部分以问号或者叹号结尾，省略逗号。
She answered, “I am leaving.”
“I suspect，” Bob observed, “we will be hearing more.”
“How about another round?” Elaine piped up.
9. 用于表示平行结构中省略的部分。例如：
Eight councilors cast their votes for O’ Reilly; six, for Mendez.
Seven voted in favor, three against.

第三单元 分号 Semicolon
1. 用于分开相对独立的句子成分，这些句子成分不是由并列连词连接的。例如：
Cream the butter and sugar; add the eggs and beat well.
2. 用于连接两个从句，第二从句由一个连接副词引导。例如：
I used to clean house in the summer because the money was good; however, all the people whose houses I cleaned seemed to assume that because I was vacuuming their carpets I did not deserve their respect.
Skeptics also maintain that Shakespeare could not have authored the plays because he never at tented a university; serious scholars, however, points out that many dramatists of his time did not attend college.
3. 用于解释性表述之前。例如：
We were fairly successfully; that is, we made our dealings and met our budget.
4. 在使用句号的情况下，使用分号来分开一系列的举例。
The votes against were: Precinct 1, 418; Precinct 2, 332; Precinct 3, 256. 

第四单元 句号 Period
句号就是用来表示一个句子的结束。例如：
She asked if we were swing dancers.
Give it your best.

第五单元 引号 Quotation Mark
Double:
1. 用于表示直接引用，而非间接引用。例如：
He asked, “What went wrong?”
2. 用于表示强调的信息或者重点词语。例如：
Defining the meaning of “happiness” is a perplexing proposition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the ideas and then work towards the middle.
Single：
用于表示引用中的引用部分。例如：
“I distinctly hear him say, ‘Do not be late,’ and then I heard the door close.”

第六单元 破折号 Dash
1. 用于表明打断或改变句子结构。例如：
The students seemed happy enough with the new plan, but the alumni—there was the problem.
2. 用于强调插入的句子成分。例如：
It will prevent corporations—large and small—from buying influence with campaign contributions.
3. 用于引入词语的定义或列举。例如：
The motion was then tabled—that is, removed indefinitely from consideration.
Davis was a leading innovator in at least three styles—bebop, cool jazz, and jazz-rock fusion.
4. 用于分开插入语等句子成分。感叹号和问号放在破折号之前。例如：
If we do not succeed—and the critics say we won’t—then the whole project is in jeopardy.
His hobby was getting one people’s nerves—especially mine!—and he was very good at it.

第七单元冒号 Colon
1. 用于表示一系列的列举。例如：
Three abstained: Britain, France, and Belgium
2. 用于介绍一个强调的单词、短语或者从句的具体内容，起到同位语的作用。
SAT例题0910
Small fish living among coral reefs face constant danger, swimming in open water makes them prey to larger fish, but hiding in crevices exposes them to eel attacks.
(A) danger, swimming
(B) danger, their swimming
(C) danger; if they swim
(D) danger swimming
(E) danger when it swims

SAT例题1005：
Giraffes have a distinct way of walking, they move both right legs forward and then both left legs.
(A) walking, they move both right legs
(B) walking, which move both right legs
(C) walking, both its right legs move
(D) walking: they move both right legs
(E) walking; moving both right legs

3. 用于引入解释说明、举例、强调、重申的句子成分。例如：
Dawn was breaking: the distant peaks were already glowing with the sun’s first rays.
4. 用于表示大段的引用，引用部分也缩进以区别原文。也可以和双引号在一起使用。例如：
The inscription reads: “Here lies one whose name was written in water.”

第八单元 括号 Parentheses
1. 用于表示举例，解释说明或补充性的文字。例如：
Nominations for principal officers (president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary) were approved.
Four computers (all outdated models) were replaced.
Although we like Mille Fiori (their risotto was the best), we had not been there in several months.
2. 与数字和字母在一起使用，表示一系列的列举。例如：
Sentences can be classified as (1) simple, (2) multiple or compound, and (3) complex.
3. 和其他符号在一起使用，例如逗号。
I will get back to you tomorrow (Friday), when I have more details.

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