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(完整word)土木工程专业英语第二版(段兵延)Lesson11
Lesson 11 Highway Engineering
第11课 高速公路工程
Highway engineering includes highway planning, location, design, and maintenance。Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can beundertaken, there must be general planning and consideration of financing。 As part ofgeneral planning, it is decided what the traffic needs of the area will be for a considerableperiod generally 20 years, and what construction will meet those needs。 To assess trafficneeds the highway engineer collectsand analyzes information about the physical features ofexisting facilities, the volume, distribution, and character of present traffic and the changesto be expected in these factors. The highway engineer must determine the most suitablelocation, layout, and capacity of the new routes and structures。 Frequently, a preliminary line,or location, and several alternate routes are studied。 The detailed design is normally begunonly when the preferred location has been chosen。
高速公路工程包括高速公路计划.选址。设计和高速公路保养。当一项高速公路工程设计建设或是改造之前,必须大致地计划考虑一下费用问题。作为概要计划的一部分,该地区在可预见的时段内(如20年)的交通流量,以及何种建设才能满足这种需求将是决定因素。为了评估交通需求量,高速公路工程师通过采集分析现有设备提供的物理数据信息-—包括车流量,分布,现有交通工具的特征以及蕴涵在这些因素中的可以预知的变化。高速公路工程师必须决定新路线建筑最适合的位置。布局以及容量。通常情况下,一条初步的线路或选址和若干备选路线都会被拿来研究。细节方面设计通常在一个更佳的选址确定下来之后才开始。
In selecting the best route, careful consideration is given to the traffic requirements,terrain to be traversed, value of land needed for the right—of-way, and estimated cost ofconstruction for the various plans。 The photogrammetric method, which makes use of aerialphotographs, is used extensively to indicate the character of the terrain on large projects,where it is most economical. On small projects, ground-mapping methods are preferred.
为了选择最佳路线,需要仔细考虑的问题包括:交通需求,(路线)横贯的地带,可通行道路的土地价值以及各种方案的结构开销的预算。在一些大型项目中,利用了航拍技术的摄影测量法被广泛用于显示该地带的特征,这也是一种最经济的方法。在那些小型工程中,地面绘图法已经很完美了。
Financing considerations determine whether the project can be carried out at one timeor whether construction must be in stages, with each stage initiated as funds becomeavailable。 In deciding the best method of financing the work, the engineer makes an analysisof whom it will benefit。 Important highways and streets benefit, in varying degrees, threegroups: users, owners of adjacent property, and the general public。
资金方面的考虑决定了一项工程是一次性实施还是是否必须分阶段建设,每阶段建设等资金到位后才开始。在决定最经济的实施方案时,工程师通过分析它的盈利性来定夺的。高速公路,街道(考虑)盈利性的三个优先顺序(依次)为:使用者,所有权上(最)邻近的所有者,大众.
Users of improved highways benefit from decreased cost of transportation, greatertravel comfort, increased safety, and saving of time. They also obtain recreational andeducational benefits. Owners of abutting or adjacent property may benefit from better access,increased property value, more effective police and fire protection, improved street parking,greater pedestrian traffic safety, and the use of the street right—of-way for the location ofpublic utilities, such as water lines and sewers.
使用者通过降低运输费用,提高旅行舒适度,增加安全性,节约时间来提高高速公路利润.他们也获得娱乐的和教育上的好处.所有权毗邻的所有者可以通过更好的路线,提升所有权价值,更加高效的警察机关和消防保护,改善停车环境,为步行者提供更安全的交通环境,当地可通行道路(沿线)的公共设施,(诸如)水管和下水道的使用情况。
Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction is often difficult but is a mostphase of highway engineering. Some benefits can be measured with accuracy, but theevaluation of others is more speculative. As a result numerous methods are used to finance construction, and much engineering work may be involved in selecting the best procedure
对通过高速公路建设获得的各种利益的评估通常是困难的,但对一个高速公路工程来讲也是一个最重要的阶段.有一些利益可以被精确计算出,另有一些就具有相当的投机性。因此要使用许多种办法来使(工程)建设(变的)更加经济,并且许多工程上的工作都会牵涉到最佳程序的选择上。
Environmental evaluation。 The environmental impact of constructing highways hasreceived increased attention and importance. Many projects have been delayed andnumerous others canceled because of environmental problems. The environmental study orreport covers factors, including noise generation, air pollution, disturbance of areas traversed,destruction of existing housing, a nd possible alternate routes.
环境价值
环境因素在高速公路建设中正被越来越重视,也突现出越来越高的重要性.由于环境问题导致工程被搁置甚至取消的事例,不胜枚举。环境方面的研究或调查涉及许多因素,包括噪声的产生,空气污染,对横贯地区的扰乱,对现有房屋以及可能的预备路线的破坏。
Right—of-way acquisition Highway engineers must also assist in the acquisition of right-of—way needed for new highway facilities。 Acquisition of the land required forconstruction of expressways leading into the central business areas of cities has provedextremely difficult; the public is demanding that traffic engineers work closely with cityplanners, architects, sociologists, and all groups interested in beautification and improvementof cities to assure that expressways extending through metropolitan areas be built only aftercoordinated evaluation of all major questions, including the following:
可通行道路的获得
高速公路工程师也必须协助得到用于新高速公路设备的可通行道路。通向市区商业中心的高速公路建设的土地的获得已被证明是非常困难的.公众需要交通工程师和城市规划者,建筑师,社会学家,以及所有对美化城市环境,提升城市功能感兴趣的团体紧密合作以确保在协调好所有主要问题(方面)的利益后再(开始)建贯通首要区域的高速公路.主要问题包括以下几点:
(1)Is sufficient attention being paid to beautification of the expressway itself? (2)Woulda change in location preserve major natural beauties of the city?(3)Could a depressed designbe logically substituted for those sections where an elevated expressway is proposed?(4)Canthe general design be improved to reduce the noise created by large volumes oftraffic?(5)Are some sections of the city being isolated by the proposed location?
(1)高速公路自身的美化问题是否给予了充分的注意?(2)是否为保护城市的自然风光而改变选址?(3)在某些区段需要高架高速公路的有没有一个逻辑上可以替换的降低设计被提出?(4)概略设计对降低由大流量的交通造成的噪音是否有帮助?(5)城市的一些部分是否因为这个提议选址而被独立开来?
Detailed design. Detailed design of a highway project includes preparation of drawingsor blueprints to be used for construction。 These plans show, for example, the location, thedimensions of such elements as roadway width, the final profile for the road, the locationand type of drainage facilities, and the quantities of work involved, including earthwork andsurfacing。
细节设计
高速公路工程的细节设计部分包括用于建设的图纸或者蓝图的准备工作.这些计划展示了诸如选址,道路宽度等此类要素的尺寸,道路的最终剖面图,排水设备的位置和种类,涉及的工程量,包括地下地表的工作。
Soil studies。 In planning the grading operations the design engineer considers the typeof material to be encountered in excavating or in cutting away the high points along theproject and how the material removed can best be utilized for fill or for constructingembankments across low areas elsewhere onthe project. For this the engineer must analyzethe gradation and physical properties of the soil, determine how the embankments can bestbe compacted, and calculate the volume of earthwork to be done。 Electronic calculatingprocedures are now sometimes used for the last step. Electronic equipment has also speededup many other highway engineering calculations。 Powerful and highly mobile earth-movingmachines have been developed to permit rapid and economical operations。
土质研究
在做分层开挖的计划时,设计工程师要考虑在开挖过程中遇到的土的种类或者削平工程沿线的高地后如何处理余土才能把它们最佳地填到需要填土的地方,或是用于该工程穿越的其他地势较低地段的筑堤工程。为此,工程师必须分析土质的等级和物理特性,决定如何才能把路堤尽可能的压实,并且计算要完成的土方工程量.电算程序如今常常被用于最后一个阶段的计算。电子设备也加快了许多其他高速公路工程的计算.大功率,(具有)高度灵活性的
土方机械已被研发出来用于快速.经济的(工程)操作的实现。
Surfacing. Selection of the type and thickness of roadway surfacing to be constructed isan important part of design. The type chosen depends upon the maximum loads to be accommodated, the frequency of these loads, and other factors。 For some routes, traffic volume may be so low that no surfacing is economically justified and natural soil serves as the roadway。 As traffic increases, a surfacing of sandy clay, crushed slag, crushed stone,caliche, crushed oyster shells, or a combination of these may be applied。 If gravel is used, itusually contains sufficient clay and fine material to help stabilize the surfacing. Gravelsurfaces may be further stabilized by application of calcium chloride, which also aids in controlling dust. Another surfacing is composed of Portland cement and water mixed into the upper few inches of the subgrade and compacted with rollers。
路面
选择要建设道路表面的类型和厚度是设计中的重要部分.类型的选择取决于该类道路要承受的最大荷载,频率以及其他因素。对一些路来讲,交通量也许会如此之小以至于没有哪类路面被证明是经济的,天然土壤就被用作道路。随着交通量的增加,沙土,碎炉渣,碎石,钠硝石,碎牡蛎壳,或是以上的混合物可以被用来做路面。如果使用砂砾,通常应包含足够的黏土和优质材料来协助提高路面稳定性.氯化钙的使用可以进一步加强砂砾路面的稳定性,同时也有利于控制灰尘量。另一种路面由硅酸盐水泥加水混入路基的上面几英寸并由压路机压实。这一程序构成了土—混凝土复合路基并由沥青质材料做路面。用于大交通量的重型交通工具的道路必须仔细设计并要(设计具有)相当大的厚度.
Drainage structures。 Much of highway engineering is devoted to the planning andconstruction of facilities to drain the highway or street and to carry streams across thehighway right-of—way.
排水结构
高速公路工程的许多部分是计划和建设用于高速公路或街道排水设备的,以及使得小溪穿过高速公路的可通行段。
Removal of surface water from the road or street is known as surface drainage。 It is accomplished by constructing the road so that it has a crown and by sloping the shouldersand adjacent areas so as to control the flow of water either toward existing natural drainage,such as open ditches, or into a storm drainage system of catchbasins and underground pipes。If a storm drainage system is used, as it would be with city streets, the design engineer mustgive consideration to the total area draining onto the street, the maximum rate of runoffexpected, the duration of the design storm, the amount of ponding allowable at eachcatchbasin, and the proposed spacing of the catchbasins along the street。 From this information the desired capacity of the individual catchbasin and the size of the underground piping network are calculated
将道路或是街道表面的水移走就是表面排水.它是通过建成一条路,中间有顶以及使路肩及其附属区域倾斜,从而将水导向已有的天然沟渠,像敞开的壕沟,或是导向集水箱和地下管道的暴雨排水系统,(来实现表面排水)。如果使用了暴雨排水系统,由于它要和(城市)街道衔接,设计工程师必须考虑街道总的排水面积,期望的最大排水率,暴雨持续时间设计值,每一个集水箱的允许倾注量,以及计划的集水箱沿街间距。通过这些信息,每一个集水箱的期望容量以及地下管网的尺寸才被计算出来。
In designing facilities to carry streams under the highway the engineer must determinethe area to be drained, the maximum probable precipitation over the drainage basin, thehighest expected runoff rate, and then, using this information, must calculate the requiredcapacity of the drainage structure. Generally designs are made adequate to accommodate notonly the largest flow ever recorded for that location but the greatest discharge that might beexpected under the most adverse conditions for a given number of years.
设计公路下的排水设施时,工程师必须确定需要排水的范围。排水区域最大可能的降雨量。最大可能的流速,然后利用这些资料,推算所需排水结构的负荷量。概略设计中要考虑充分,不仅要适合该地区已有记录的最大流量,而且要考虑在给定年限内在最不利条件下可能发生的最大流量。
开放式管道在计算预期流量是要考虑的因素包括尺寸。长度。开口形状,管壁粗糙程度,入口和下游沟渠末端的形状,入口处允许的最大水位高度以及出口处水位。
Rest facilities。 Much engineering and construction work has been done to provide
rest stops along major expressway routes, especially the national system of interstatehighways。 These facilities must be carefully located in forested areas to permitted easy and safe exit and return access to the highway。 Many units have been built as scenic locations inforested areas to permit picnic grounds and walkways through the forest。 These rest areas areespecially beneficial to those drivers traveling long distances with few stops.
休息设施
许多工程和建设工作是完成提供主要高速公路沿线休息场所的,特别是(属于)国家系统的州际高速公路。这些设施必须仔细布置以便能方便安全的出入高速公路。许多设施做成景观模样坐落于森林覆盖区以便(行人)可以在地上野餐或是在森林中散步。这种休息区特别受到那些跑长途而又很少停车休息的司机的欢迎。
Noise barriers. The control and reduction of noise along busy routes, especiallyexpressways, has become an important part ofhighway engineering. In many communitieshigh walls have been built along either side of the expressway. Such walls can be costly toconstruct, but can prove very beneficial. Barriers can reduce overall noise levels by over 50%。
噪声屏障
控制.减少繁忙道路,特别是高速公路,沿线噪声已经变成高速公路工程中非常重要的一部分.在一些社区,人们沿高速公路两侧筑起了高墙。建造这些高墙会很花钱,但是提供了许多便利。隔音栅栏能减少全部噪声量的超过50%.
Construction operations. Although much engineering and planning must be donepreliminary to it, the actual construction is normally the costliest part of making highwayand street improvements。
建设工作
尽管前期要做大量的工程和计划,但实际工程通常是建造高速公路以及街道改造中耗资最大的部分.
Staking out。 With the award of a construction contract following the preparation of thedetailed plans and specifications, engineers go onto the site and lay out the project。 As partof this staking out, limits of earthwork are shown, location of drainage structures indicated,and profiles established。
立杆定线
根据一份基于细节计划准备和规范的授权建设合同,工程师来到工地现场布置工程。作为立杆定线的一部分,(工程师)要指出土方工程量,排水沟结构的位置,并建立剖面图.
Compaction。 Heavy rollersare used to compact the soil or subgrade below theroadway in order to eliminate later settlement。 Pneumatic—tired rollers and sheepsfootrollers(steel cylinders equipped with numerous short steel teeth or feet)are often employedfor this operation。 Vibratory rollers have been developed and used on some projects in recentyears。 One type vibrates up to 3400 timesmin, compacting the underlying material to an
appreciable depth.
压实(路基)
重型压路机把道路下面的土壤和路基压实为了消除以后的沉降.气胎压路机和羊脚压路机(配有许多小轮齿和轮脚的钢柱轮)常常被租来完成此类工作。近年来,振荡压路机已被开发出用于某些工程。有一种振荡频率高达3400/分的振荡压路机可以压实到一个令人满意的深度范围内的地下材料.
Maintenance and operation. Highway maintenance consists of the repair and upkeepof surfacing and shoulders, bridges and drainage facilities, signs, traffic control devices,guard rails, traffic striping on the pavement, retaining walls, and side slopes。 Additionaloperations include ice control and snow removal。 Because it is valuable to know why somehighway designs give better performance and prove less costly to maintain than others,engineers supervising maintenance can offer valuable guidance to design engineers.Consequently, maintenance and operation are important parts of highway engineering。
维护和操作
高速公路维护由路面路肩,桥梁排水设备,标志,交通控制设备,防护围栏,行人通道上的斑马线,挡土墙以及边坡的维护和维修等组成。附加工作包括控制结冰和移走积雪.因为搞清楚为什么有些高速公路的设计比另一些高速公路有更佳的功效和更少的用于维护的开销是很值得的,所以负责监理维护的工程师能提供很有价值的引导给设计工程师。总而言之,维护和施工都是高速公路工程的重要组成部分。
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